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Intro to Speech & Language Disorders 4411 > LECTURE #9 - pediatric speech sound disorders > Flashcards

LECTURE #9 - pediatric speech sound disorders Flashcards

1
Q

how are consonant/vowel sounds classified ?

A

Consonant and vowel sounds are classified based on how and where they’re made in the mouth and throat:

Consonants: Classified by the amount of airflow restriction (like blocking with the lips or tongue) and whether the vocal cords vibrate (voiced or voiceless).

Vowels: Classified by the shape and position of the mouth and tongue, with an open vocal tract and always using vocal cord vibration.

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2
Q

what are the different types of speech sound disorders ?

A
  • Articulation Disorders
  • Phonological Disorders
  • Motor Speech Disorders
  • Resonance Disorders
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3
Q

speech sounds; what is a phoneme ?

A

the smallest unit of sound in a language that conveys meaning

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4
Q

what is an example of different phonemes ?

A

e.g., /p/ and /b/ (e.g., pat versus bat)

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5
Q

how many letters in the english alphabet ?

A

26

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6
Q

what is a problem with the alphabet ?

A

there is no simple symbol to sound relationship

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7
Q

what are examples of simple symbol-to-sound relationships

A
  • the ‘s’ sound = soup, bass, base, face vs hose
  • the ‘er’ sound = jerk, fir, fur, word, butter, earth
  • the ‘sh’ sound = ship, station, chef, moustache
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8
Q

what does IPA stand for ?

A

international phonetic alphabet

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9
Q

what is the IPA?

A

unambiguous system for representing sounds of speech

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10
Q

how IPA symbols are there ?

A

42

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11
Q

how many of the 42 IPA symbols are vowels and consonants ?

A

18 vowels and 24 consonants

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12
Q

what is an example of a IPA speech sound ?

A

‘“sh”
- SH ip
- sta TI on
- CH ef
- mousta CHE

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13
Q

how fo we classify consonants ?

A

by using the 3 dimensions aling which sounds are classified

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14
Q

what are the 3 dimensions along which sounds are classified ?

A
  1. place
  2. manner
  3. voicing
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15
Q

define “place” as one of the 3 dimensions :

A

where in vocal tract the constriction occurs as the sounds is produced (e.g., /p/ = bilabial)

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16
Q

define “manner” as one of the 3 dimensions :

A

how air is modified as it travels through vocal tract (e.g., /p, b, t, d, k, g/ = stops)

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17
Q

define “voicing” as one of the 3 dimensions :

A

whether vocal folds are vibrating while sound is produces (e.g., /z/ = voiced, /s/ = voiceless)

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18
Q

explain what voice vs voiceless means in the sense of consonant classification :

A

In consonant classification, “voice” and “voiceless” refer to whether or not your vocal cords vibrate when making a sound

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19
Q

define “voiced consonants” :

A

are sounds you make with vocal cord vibration. If you put your fingers on your throat, you’ll feel a slight vibration when you say sounds like b, d, or g

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20
Q

define “voiceless consonants” :

A

are sounds you make without vocal cord vibration. When you make these sounds, like p, t, or k, you won’t feel that same vibration in your throat

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21
Q

between voiced and voiceless which is no vibration vs vibration ?

A
  • Voiced = vocal cords vibrating
  • Voiceless = no vocal cord vibration
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22
Q

what are the places of articulation ?

A
  • bilabial (m,b,p)
  • labio-dental (f,v)
  • lingua-dental (th)
  • lingua-alveolar (t,s)
  • lingua-palatal (sh)
  • glottal (h)
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23
Q

what part of the body are the following from ?

  • bilabial (m,b,p)
  • labio-dental (f,v)
  • lingua-dental (th)
  • lingua-alveolar (t,s)
  • lingua-palatal (sh)
  • glottal (h)
A

bilabial = formed by bringing both lips together
labio-dental = formed by touching the bottom lip to the upper front teeth
lingua-dental = formed by placing the tongue against the upper front teeth
lingua-alveolar = formed by placing the tongue close to the alveolar ridge (the ridge just behind the upper front teeth)
lingua-palatal = formed by raising the tongue toward the hard palate (the roof of the mouth just behind the alveolar ridge)
glottal = formed in the glottis (the space between the vocal cords in the throat

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24
Q

how many palces of articulation are there ?

A

6

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25
what does "vocing" mean ?
Voicing is the process of making a sound by vibrating your vocal cords. When you produce a voiced sound, like z in "zebra," your vocal cords are close together and vibrate as air passes through. In contrast, for a voiceless sound like s in "snake," your vocal cords stay apart, so they don’t vibrate as air flows through.
26
what are voiced sounds ?
vocal cords vibrate (like b, d, g, z)
27
what are voiceless sounds ?
no vocal cord vibration (like p, t, k, s)
28
what are "cognates" ?
speech sounds that share same manner and palce of articulation, but differ along voicing dimension
29
what are some examples of cognates ?
/d/ & /t/ , /f/ & /v/
30
TRUE OR FALSE no two consonants fit in the same spot
TRUE
31
what are consonants ?
Consonants are sounds in speech made by blocking or restricting airflow in some way with parts of the mouth
32
TRUE OR FALSE consonants are different from vowels
TRUE
33
how are consonants and vowels different ?
They’re different from vowels, which are produced with a more open vocal tract and let air flow freely.
34
what are vowels
are speech sounds produced by letting air flow freely through the mouth without any significant blockage from the tongue, lips, or teeth.
35
what are the vowels ?
A, E, I, O, and U (sometimes Y)
36
how many vowels are there ?
5 main vowels
37
how are vowels characterized ?
by positioning of the tongue within the oral cavity
38
TRUE OR FALSE vowels are always vibrating vocal cords
TRUE
39
how many factors are vowels differentiation determined by ?
3
40
what are the 3 vowel differentiation determined by ?
1) tongue elevation (height of tongue ; high, mid, low) 2) tongue advancement (place of articulation; front, central, back) 3) lip position (rounded or unrounded)
41
TRUE OR FALSE vowels are always voiced
TRUE
42
explain the vowel classification chart :
y-axis = tongue elevation (high, medium and low) x-axis = tongue advancement (front, central, back)
43
what are the two types of vowel dimensions ?
elevation and advancement
44
the place of articulation for /t/ ? a) bilabial b) labial-dental c) lingua-alveolar d) lingua-palatal e) lingua-velar
c) lingua-alveolar
45
define speech development in the first year for newborns ?
- crying and reflexive, vegetative sounds (newborns) - cooing and laughing (2-4 months)
46
define speech development in the first year for vocal play (4-6 months) ?
- vowel-like and consonant-like sounds emerge - front sounds dominant (e.g., rasberries, bilabial trills) - prosodic play (altering duration and pitch, extreme, pitch glides, e.g., yells, squeals, growls)
47
define speech development in the first year for 6-9 months ?
canonical babbling
48
define speech development in the first year for 10-12 months ?
- prosody - jargon
49
when should most kids expect their first words ?
12 months
50
describe speech development beyond the first year ; by 18 months
- most have at least 1-2 clear vowels and approximaetly 4 word-initial consonants
51
by 18 months how much % can parents usually understand of their child's vocabulary ?
80-90%
52
define speech development beyond first year by 2 years ?
- most vowels cleary produced - 9-10 word initial consonats - clusters emerging - at least 70% correct in articulation of consonants - at least 50% of words are intelligible to unfamiliar listeners
53
define speech development beyond first year by 3 years ?
- bilabials, nasals, and glides established - fricatives and liquids begin to appear - at least 75% intelligible
54
define speech development beyond first year by 4 years ?
- 90%+ intelligible, even to strangers - may have some errors on some consonants
55
define speech development beyond first year by 5 years ?
- speech is 98%+ intelligible - phonetic inventory complete - >90% consonants, clusters and vowels produced accurately - can produce all word shapes - speaking in full sentences
56
when is correct articulation learned ?
by 6 should know every sound
57
what are the first sounds we learn at 2 years old ?
- p - b - d - m - n - w - h
58
what are the sounds we learn by 3 years old ?
- k - t - g - ng - f - y
59
what are the sounds we learn by 4 years old ?
- v - s - sh - j - v - z - ch - l
60
what are the sounds we learn by 5 years old ?
- th (voiced) - zh - r - th (voiceless)
61
4-year olds makes errors on the following which sounds ?
1) /k/ 2) /d/ 3) /f/ 4) /r/ 5) /s/ 6) /sh/
62
when are speech sound errors considered an impairement ?
when significant problem with production of speech sounds causes child's speech to differ from age and cultural expectations
63
what does SSD stand for ?
speech sound disorder
64
what is SSD ?
speech sound delay or disorder that includes both rule- and motor based imapairments
65
what are the two major branches of speech sound disorders in children ?
phonological (rule-based) and Moto speech (motor-based)
66
what are the two sub branches under phonological branch ?
- phonological impairment - inconsistent speech disorder
67
what are the three sub branches under motor speech branch ?
- articulation - childhood apraxia - dysarthria
68
what are the two only sub categories were talking about ?
phonological impairment and articulation
69
articulation falls under which category ?
motor speech
70
phonological impairment falls under which category ?
phonological impairment
71
define phonemic (rule-based) - phonological :
- errors represent a pattern vs. a few sound errors - there is collapse of phonemic contrasts
72
define phonetic (motor-based) - articulation :
- errors are typically distortions of specific sounds - may discriminate between error and target sound
73
what is articulation impairment ?
inability to articulate certain speech sounds
74
what does articulation impairment often result in ?
phonetic error
75
what happens to sound in articulation impairment ?
sound is distorted or mispronounced but is still the same phoneme
76
what is an example of an articulation impairment ?
the big bang theory clip "wabbit" instead of "rabbit"
77
what is a phonological impairment ?
impairment in phonological system, or rules that govern sound patterns of the language; child simplifies adult rules for producing souds
78
TRUE OR FALSE many children have both phonemic and phonetic errors
TRUE
79
what does phonological impairment often result in ?
different phoneme is substituted or sound is omitted, resulting in change of meaning
79
TRUE OR FALSE often difficult to determine whether child has articulation imapirment, phonological impairment, or both
TRUE
80
describe the prevalence of SSD :
- 15% in 3 year olds - 6% in early school age
81
what gender does SSD occurs more often in ?
more often in boys than girls
82
what are the known causes of childhood SSD ?
physical / structural cause OR motor / neurological cause
83
what are some examples of physical or structural causes ?
- cleft lip and or palate - problems related to tnogue mobility - dental problems - hearing impairment
84
what are some examples of motor or neurological causes ?
- cerebral palsy - childhood apraxia of speech
85
do we usually know or not know the cause ?
we usually do not know the cause / functional cause
86
how many theories of pediatric SSD ?
3
87
what are the three theories of pediatric SSD ?
1) behaviourist 2) distinctive features & natural phonology 3) optimality
88
define the behaviourist theory ?
- acquisition of sounds is rooted in pre-linguisted behaviours (e.g., babbling) and vocal interactions - early vocal interactions promote later development
89
define the distinctive features and natural phonology :
- development affected by phonological patterns - patterns suppressed as the child learns speech and language
90
define optimality :
- children learn constraints for possible word pronounciations - e.g. words don't begin with /mr/
91
when diagnosing pediatric SSFs, what is significant ?
1) is child's speech different from their peers ? 2) does their speech interfere with communication ? 3) does the child avoid speaking situations ?

Intro to Speech & Language Disorders 4411 (17 decks)

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