Lecture 9 Prostate Cancer Flashcards
(22 cards)
what kind of cancer affects the prostate?
adenocarcinoma
prostate cancer is more common and more aggressive in ____
blacks;
most important risk factor:
age (up to 50% of males > 80 have it)
what is used to screen for prostate cancer
PSA
what area of the prostate is usually affected?
posterior periphery
early symptoms of prostate cancer:
none (too far from urethra)
progressive symptoms:
increased frequency, nocturia, dysuria
where does advanced prostate cancer spread to?
bones (osteoblastic metastases)
advanced symptoms:
lower back (bone) pain
what does PSA do?
liquefies semen, increases sperm motility
what should you do next if there is an abnormal Digital rectal exam or PSA?
transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
a PSA greater than ____ is worrisome
10
does fraction of free PSA increase or decrease in prostate cancer?
decrease (ie more bound)
next step after TRUS or if very abnormal PSA?
biopsy
most common sonographic characteristic of prostate cancer
hypo-echoic
what is the name of the grading system used?
gleason
which treatment of localized disease has the highest long term cure rate? which treatment is almost equivalent
radical prostatectomy;
radiation
2 potential side effects of surgery
incontinence, impotence
hormonal therapy includes ____ which reduces testosterone but requires hospitalization
orchiectomy
what can be used instead of orchiectomy to control prostate cancer? 2 options
LH-RH analogs (GnRH analogs)
or androgen receptor blockers
mechanism of action of flutamide
competitive inhibitor of androgen receptors
what can be used to decrease bone pain under palliative care?
bisphosphonates
