Lecture 9 readings

Question 1

What is the name of Aphids symbiont?

Answer 1

Buchnera

Question 1

What are hemipterans?

Answer 1

A diverse order that includes bud bugs, aphids etc that have sucking mouth parts.

Question 2

How does Aphids and Buchnera work together?

Answer 2

They work together to make essential amino acids that lack in the sap. If these 10 amino acids were unavailable then the apids would die.

Question 3

Why have hemipterans abondened both symbiont and mouth suckling parts?

Answer 3

Most eat the plant cell as a whole, which has all the essential nutrients

Question 4

What is carbon fixing?

Answer 4

Converting inorganic carbon into edible form

Question 5

How did riftia (tube worms) survive?

Answer 5

Using bacteria that used sulphur

Question 6

What is chemosynthesis?

Answer 6

Making food or getting energy using chemicals instead of light

Question 7

What is the end product of chemosynthesis?

Answer 7

Sulphites

Question 8

What do animals use in deep oceans for chemosynthesis?

Answer 8

Sulphides or Methane

Question 9

How are there so many bone-eating snort flowers?

Question 10

What is the function of fifth symbiont of olavious?

Answer 10

unknown

Question 11

Who has the highest diversity of bacteria in their biome?

Answer 11

Plants eating herbivores animals

Question 12

Why do herbivores need more bacterial diversity?

Answer 12

Plants are made up of collagen, and their tissues are more complex. Hence they need more enzymes

Except red pandas, which are herbivores but had less bacterial diversity

Question 13

How do sharpshooters function?

Answer 13

Stab with mouthparts that pierce and suck the fluid from the vessels.

Once they absorbing all the nutrients, they squirt it all out from their backside in a fine stream of droplets.

Question 14

Why were the plants wrapped in muslin cloth and the imposing door in the room?

Answer 14

Because the sharpshooters drain fluids from a variety of plants.

Question 15

How would death of bacteria impact hemiptheria?

Answer 15

All the insects would also die

Question 16

Who came up with “endosymbiosis of animals with plant microorganisms”

Answer 16

Paul Buchner

Question 17

What is endosymbiosis of animals with plant microorganisms?

Answer 17

The symbiosis between plant and animals.

It was a rule rather than an idea.

Question 18

How do you know aphids are related to buchnera?

Answer 18

If you draw the family tree of one, it represents of the other as well. Family tress of different stains of Buchnera represents the family tree of aphids.

( Buchnera must have colonized or infected aphids once millions of years ago)

Question 19

How was it proven that buchnera made amino acids for aphids?

Answer 19

1) Used chemicals to kill buchnera, and found that artificial supplements were needed for the survival of aphids.

2) Used radio active chemicals to trace the flow of nutrients from microbe to the host.

3) Showed that buchnera has many small genes that made essential amino acids

Question 20

What is the main role for symbionts?

Answer 20

Allow owners to subsist in deficient supplements.

Question 21

What is the symbiont in carpenter ants?

Answer 21

Blochmannia: enables the ants to live largely on plant-based diet, and dominate the canopies in tropical forests.

Question 22

Why do lice and bed bugs depend on bacteria?

Answer 22

For vitamin B

Question 23

How do olavis get their sulphites from?

Answer 23

They have 2 symbionts, one big and the other small.

The small one grabs sulphates from the Elba salt, and converts them into sulphites

Then the large one oxidises sulphites into chemosynthesis just like riftia’s symbiont.

Question 24

What is symbiosis-a-trios?

Answer 24

Olavis worms, and the other two symbionts, (big and small) The small one feeds the big one which then feeds the olavis worm in return.

In reality there are 5 symbionts, 2 small, 2 big and one corkscrew-shaped.

Question 25

Who had the least amount of bacterial diversity in their guts?

Answer 25

Carnivores

Question 26

How does B-theata help?

Answer 26

It has over 250-carb busting enzymes, while we have only 100. These release chemicals in our own cells.

Question 27

How much energy do B-theata provide us and cows/sheep with?

Answer 27

Humans: 10%
Cows/Sheep: 70%

Question 28

What was mammalian success founded upon?

Answer 28

Vegetarianism and vegetarianism was founded upon microbes

Question 29

What is the difference between foregut and hind guts?

Answer 29

In elephants, rhinos, rabbits, gorrilas the microbes sit at the end of the gut, (the chambers where microbes reside are towards the end) this is hind guts

While in cows, deer, sheeps, hippos the microbes in the guts are in the front of the guts or in some chambers in the front.

Question 30

How do fermentation chambers affect the types of microbes in the gut?

Answer 30

The chambers in the front host similar kind of microbes while microbes in the hind guts are similar

Question 30

What is one problem for having bacteria in the front of the guts?

Answer 30

Some nutrients must be sacrificed to the bacteria but in return, you get food too.

Question 31

What shaped the evolution of mamallian gut?

Answer 31

Microbes

Question 31

What shaped the evolution of microbes in the gut?

Answer 31

shape of mammalian gut.

Question 31

Why do termites have more protists?

Answer 31

Because they have wood digesting enzymes (Protists make up about half of termites body weight)