Lecture Chapters 1-6 Flashcards
Learn about cells, diffusion and charts (161 cards)
1
Q
Prokaryotic cell vs. Eukaryotic
A
Eukaryotic cells have necleus and bound organells but Prokaryotic cells do not.
2
Q
Example of Prokaryotic cell
A
E. Coli Bacteria
3
Q
Two molecule that are the mayor components of plasma.
A
Phopholipids, protein embedded
4
Q
Name 3 functions of protein found in cell membranes.
A
- Enzyme speed up reactions.
- Receptors for specific molecules
- Transport marerials across the cell
5
Q
3 components of plant cells not found in animal cells.
A
- Cell wall
- Central vacule
- Chloroplast
6
Q
Chloroplast
A
Absorbs sunlight along with water and carbon monoxide gas to produce food for the plant.
7
Q
Vacuoles
A
Holds material and waste.
8
Q
Necleus
A
Contain chromatin (genetic material to make an exact copy of that cell. Codes for protein in the cell.
9
Q
Nucleolus
A
RNA is synthesized and stored
10
Q
Mitochondria
A
Produces ATP
11
Q
Molecules released when ATP (Adenosine tri phosphate) is hydrolized (ATP +H2O)
A
ADP+Pi
(Adenozine di phosphate + inorganic phosphate)
Pi is the phosphate released when ATP is hydrolyzed.
12
Q
Ribosomes
A
Make protein
13
Q
Lysosome
A
Breake down cells, recycle cell parts and stores food.
14
Q
Smooth endoplasmic recticulm
A
Builds lipids and fats
15
Q
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
A
Builds molecules like protein and has ribosomes.
16
Q
Which hypothesis states that certain eukaryotic cells originated as free-living prokaryotic cells?
A
Endosymbiosis hypothesis.
17
Q
What are three parts of the cell theory
A
- All living things come from pre-existing cell divisions.
- All living things are made up of one or more cells.
- The cell is the smallest unit of life
18
Q
What is the difference between diffusion osmosis and active transport?
A
- Diffusion is the movement of any chemical. from one place to another.
- Osmosis refers to the diffusion of water.
- Diffusion and osmosis go from high concentration to low concentration while active transport does the opposite.
19
Q
Which of theses require cell spending energy
Diffusion, osmosis, active transport?
A
Active transport
20
Q
Which of these can move particles from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration: diffusion, osmosis, active transport?
A
Active transport
21
Q
Which is more likely to diffuse through a selectively permeable cell membrane: lipids or protein?
A
Lipids
22
Q
Name a cell that contains cilia
A
lungs and oviducts
23
Q
Cilia and flagella contain. pairs of in a ring surrounding to microtubules
A
9, microtubules
24
Q
Define endocytosis
A
Endocytosis engulfs things into the cell
25
Define exocytosis
Exocytosis pushes things out of the cell
26
What was the conclusions of the hypothesis of spontaneous generation?
Louis Pasteur prooved that bacteria was fallin in the open beeker but spontanious generation was not occurring.
27
How is a chemical element different from a chemical compound
Chemical elements cannot be broken down any further chemical compounds has two or more different atoms.
28
Denatured
The change of the three dimensional shape of a protein
29
What is a scientific theory?
A hypothesis that has been tested many times and has not been proved to be false
30
3 steps of scientific method
Inductive/deductive
Hypothesis
Experimentation
Conclusion
31
A scientific explanation that is tentative and that requires more investigation is termed as
Hypothesis
32
Attributes of living things
Homeostasis
Energy
Response to the environment
Evolves
33
Correct order of complexity from least to highest
Atom molecule organelle cell tissue organ organism community and ecosystem
34
The structure of an atom is mostly
Empty space with electrons on the outside and the nucleus in the center
35
To predict the reaction of an atom first
draw the atom with two electrons on its first ring an 8 on the 2nd
36
An atom will only respond with other atoms until
Their outermost shell is filled
37
An atom becomes an ion when
It gains or loses electrons
38
Hydrogen bonds are very important in the functional shape of
Proteins
39
The symbol 3CO2 represents
Three molecules of carbon dioxide, Each of which contains one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms
40
In water hydrogen bonding occurs between the hydrogen and
An oxygen atom in a different molecule
41
When an element has two of itself like 2 he or 02
It is not a compound
42
Polar molecules tend to be
Attracted to water and dissolved in water
43
When atoms form bonds they share or exchange
Electrons
44
Chemical bonds can
1. form bonds for stability,
2. Share electrons unequally which one drawn at more towards itself
3. Share electrons equally
4. Give up an electron to another to form bonds
45
Protein glucose and methane are
Compounds
46
Atoms form bonds
Fill their outer shell
47
Two hydrogen atoms atomic number 1 form a covalent bond. What happens to their electron
Both hydrogen atoms will have two electrons in their outer shell at least some of the time
48
Oxygen has six electrons in its outer shell how many covalent bonds is oxygen likely to make with hydrogen atoms Each of which has one electron in its outer shell
2
49
A donation of an electron is also known as a
Ionic bond
50
The evaporation of water from the skin uses a large amount of heat because
Water contains lots of hydrogen bonds
51
What happens when the pH of a solution decreases
The acidity becomes higher in the solution and also the concentration of hydrogen atom increases
52
The pH of water is neither
Acidic or basic
53
An enzyme is
A protein a catalyst and a molecule that speeds up reactions without being either a reactant or a product in the reaction only
54
Hydrolysis could be correctly described as
The breaking of a long chain of compound using water to break subunits
55
Carbohydrates are determined by
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of CnH2nOn
56
A polysaccharide is made up of
Simple sugars
57
What do polysaccharides nucleic acids and proteins have in common
They're all built of chemically linked monomers
58
Saturated fats are usually found in
Meats
59
An example of an important organic molecule that may contain nh2 group is
An enzyme
60
Saturated fats are known for causing
Cardiovascular disease
61
How are saturated fats and amino acids are like
They both have a carboxyl group in their molecular formula
62
What is the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats
Saturated fats are single bonds with more hydrogen's while unsaturated fats are double bonds with less hydrogen's and oxygens
63
What are the two main parts of the molecular formula of amino acids
Amino group and carboxyl group
64
What is the identity of C6 h-12 06
It's a glucose and it's a monosaccharide
65
What are the monomers of protein
Amino acids
66
C12 H24 C12+ H2O is what reaction
Dehydration synthesis making a big molecule
67
C6H1206 + C6H1206 is an example of
Hydrolysis 2 smaller molecules broken down by water
68
Nucleic acid organic compounds
RNA DNA ATP
69
component of a nucleotide
A phosphate group
Nitrogen base in the ring
5 carbons
70
What happens when an enzyme is heated too much
Denatured hydrogen bonds are broken active shape is changed it will not speed up chemical reactions
71
ADP + p i + energy equals
ATP
72
Single cell no nucleus with a nuclear membrane
Bacteria and archaea prokaryotic cells
73
Nucleus and nuclear membrane are in
Eukaryotic cells
74
a multicellular organism that makes his own sugar is known as a
Plant
75
A multicellular organism that digest its food internally would be known as
Animal
76
What are the three things that can cause a protein to change shape or be denatured
Heat salt pH
77
Example of polysaccharides
Starch and glycogen
78
What two types of organic compounds have a carboxyl group
Proteins and lipids
79
PH is measured in a concentration of
Hydrogen atoms
80
What is a monomer of nucleic acid
Fatty acids
81
Why do unsaturated fats stay liquid at room temperature
kinks of unsaturated fat molecules keep them liquid at room temperature
82
Do saturated fats stay liquid at room temperature
animal fat (mostlysaturated) is solid at room temperature
83
A substance that has a molecular structure formed entirely by similar units bonded together
A polymer
84
What is the name of the hierarchy of biology classifications
Taxonomy ranks
85
Taxonomy ranks from greater to smaller
```
Domain -eukarya
Kingdom- animalia
Phylum-chordata
Class-mammalia
Order-carnivora
Family-canidae
Genus-vulpes (homo)
Species- sapiens
```
86
Ancient scientific method
Qualitative data threw up servation to form hypotheses and theories
87
Modern scientific method
Quantitative data through inductive and deductive reasoning tested with experiments
88
Four characteristics of living things
```
Growth
Homeostasis
Energy
Reproduction
Responds to the environment
Regulation
Evolution
```
89
Inductive reasoning example
Moves from specific to General
90
Deductive reasoning
Moves from General to specific
91
Three domains
Bacteria archaea Eukarya
92
Four kingdoms of living organisms
(Protista ameoba) animal fungi plantae
93
Carbon is valent
4
94
Elements in carbohydrates
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
95
Amino acid versus fatty acids
Amino acids monomers of protein with a carboxyl group and an amino acid
Fatty acids monomers of lipids with a carboxyl group and double oxygen but no amino acid
96
Chemicals found in nucleic acid
Carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen and phosphorus
97
Elements of carbohydrates
Carbon hydrogen and oxygen
98
Three components of nucleic acid
Five carbon sugar phosphate group nitrogenous base
99
Chemical Element
A substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons
A substance at its simplest form that cannot be broken down any further
100
Molecule
Two or more atoms bonded together
101
An atom
The smallest member of a particular element with neutral charge
102
Ion
The iron is missing or has an extra electron which makes a positive or negative charge
103
Subatomic particles
Electrons protons and neutrons
104
Covalent bonds
Two atoms sharing electrons to fill outer shell part of the time
105
Ionic bonds
Electrons are transferred to another atom forming a positive and negative charge bond (It is a donation a transfer of electron)
106
Hydrogen bonds
Form polar molecules
Hydrogen atoms with electronegative atoms form bonds with each other
It is a weaker Bond than covalent bonds and ionic bonds
Ex..2 water molecules
107
What is the monomer of nucleic acid
Nucleotide
108
Endosymbiotic hypothesis
A larger cell developed an enzyme that allowed the smaller cell to swallowed a bacteria and used to benefif the cell and not destroy it. Like mitochondria which has a double membrane and its own DNA. Also chloroplast
109
In diffusion which is more likely to pass through a protein or lipid
Lipid
110
6CO2+6H2O +sunlight produces C6H126O2 what are the reactants
6CO2+6H2O
111
Role of enzymes
Enzymes lower the activation energy by binding to the reactant molecules and holding them in such a way as to speed up the reaction.
112
Producers
Extract energy from non-living environment
113
Consumers
Obtain energy from eating other organisms
114
Decomposers
Obtain energy from dead organism and organic waste
115
Polar covalant bonds
Electrons are shared unequally resulting in a molecule with charged poles
116
Monomers plus water form
A dimer or a polymer
117
The process of Monomers becoming bigger molecule by adding water it's called?
Dehydration synthesis
118
Another way of saying dehydration synthesis is?
Condensation
119
The process of polymer splitting into two monomers by water is called
Hydrolysis
120
Unsaturated fats can be found in
Plants, steroids
121
What is an organic compounds
chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.
122
List the four classes of organic compounds
Carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acid
123
What are the functions of protein?
Structural protein for making skin, cartilage and Bone
enzymes which speed up specific chemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction by lowering the activation energy of the reaction,
cell recognition,
carrier transport proteins
channel proteins
124
Proteins are held in place by
Hydrogen bonds
125
Complete the sentence.
| RNA has a blank strand?
Single
126
Complete the sentence
| DNA forms a blank helix?
Double
127
What is cilia and flagella made out of
Both flagella and ciliahave a 9 + 2 arrangement ofmicrotubules.
128
Name the organelles of the cell
1) nucleolus RNA is synthesized and stored
(2) nucleus contains code for protein and DNA
(3) ribosome makes protein
(4) vesicle short-term storage and transport
(5) rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes structures protein
(6) Golgi apparatus finishes the structure of protein
(7) cytoskeleton create 3D shape of the cell to move it and multiply
(8) smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes fats and lipids
(9) mitochondria makes ATP Powerhouse of the cell
(10) vacuole stores water food and waste
(12) lysosome digestive enzymes breaks down recycles and stores
(13) centriole. Cell reproduction and Division
129
Activation energy
the minimum amount of energy required for a chemical reaction to take place.
130
Potential energy is defined as
mechanical energy, stored energy, or energycaused by its position.
131
Kinetic energy is defined as
energy in motion
132
What does the first law of thermodynamics state?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be converted
133
What does the second law of thermodynamics state?
Energy going from clumped to spread out and burning little by little
134
In the biological community how much of the producers is stored as energy in the first consumers?
10% or. Minus a ( 0)
135
Can carnivores energy be recycled?
No it becomes low grade heat not useful for significant work
136
When hydrogen ions leak out of a channel protein their kinetic energy makes
Protein
137
Stages of photosynthesis
1. Light creates electrons
2. electrons split water into h+ electrons & o2
a. Electrons get trapped in chloroplast when. released they make ATP
b. Some of the energy from the electrons in stored in NADPH.
3. ENERGY from ATP & NADPH is used to make glucose forming a cycle.
138
What are the stages of Cellular respiration process?
1. GLYCOLYSIS
a. Glucose splits in 2 groups of 3 called pyruvates this process takes 2 ATP and gains 2ATP
b. Each pyruvate loses a carbon and stores kinetic energy in the NADH. Anarobic process (no oxygen)
2. KREBS CYCLE
a. CARBONS are rearanged into (2+4)(6-1) (5-1) and stores this kinetic energy in 2ATP, NADH & FDH2. Aerobic process
CHEMIOSMOSIS
a.All the energy or H ions leak out through aprotein channel and make 32 ATP.
b.The H ions join the electrons and oxygen and make water.
This process is called aerobic because it requires oxygen.
139
Anaerobic (Fermentation) waste product for muscle cells vs. Yeast alcoholic fermentation
Muscle make lactic acid
| Yeast makes CO2
140
What happens in the anaerobic process
Pyruvates get broken down for 2ATP
141
What large molecule is broken down in cellular respiration
Glucose
142
In cellular respiration glucose is broken down into what two molecules?
Carbon dioxide and water
143
In the third stage of photosynthesis carbon fixation is dependent or independent of light
Independent
144
in which stage of photosynthesis ATP broken down to form ADP + p i
Stage 3
145
In which stage of photosynthesis is water split
Stage 2
146
In which stage of photosynthesis is nadph formed from nadp Plus
Stage 2
147
in which stage of photosynthesis are hydrogen atoms stored inside the membrane of chloroplast
Stage 2
148
The doubt my child write the overall equation for cellular respiration and name each molecule
Glucose 6 oxygen 2 equals six carbon dioxide + 6 Waters + energy
149
Three stages of cellular respiration
Glycolysis Krebs chemiosmosis
150
What molecules split in stage 1 of cellular respiration
Glucose
151
Name the two molecules that store the energy of the peruvians in stage 1
ATP nadh
152
What is the gas given out in stage 2 and stage 3
Carbon dioxide
153
Does splitting peruvians require energy or release energy
Required 2 ATP
154
Two stage 3 hydrogen ions are stored inside
Mitochondria membrane
155
Energy is transferred in a molecule called
ATP
156
How many ATP is made in glycolysis
2
157
How many ATP is made in stage 2 of cellular respiration
2
158
How many atp's are made of stage 3 of cellular respiration
32
159
In muscle cells when there's no Oxygen cellular respiration is carried out and peruvians are converted into
Lactic acid
160
When you cells break down glucose that convert peruvians
Alcohol
161
When Eustace use to make bread bubbles of gas are released cost in the bread to rise name the gas
CO2
