Lecture: Chp 2

Question 1

Non functional, temporary for storage

Answer 1

Inclusions

Question 2

Controls protein synthesis

Answer 2

Nucleus

Question 3

Difference between inclusions and vesicles

Answer 3

Vesicles have membranes surrounding them.

Question 4

Functions of the ER

Answer 4

1. Rough ER: Synthesizes protein, plasma membrane, and lysosomes. Smooth ER: Steroid, fatty acid, and phospholipid synthesis. 2. Txp through CISTERNAL SPACE (space inside ER) 3. Stores newly made molecules. 4. Detoxifies Drugs and alcohol.

Question 5

“Traffic director”

Answer 5

Golgi bodies. Translocation requires ATP.

Question 6

Functions of the golgi bodies

Answer 6

Modification of plasma membrane, packages enzymes for lysosomes, sorts all material for delivery to plasma membrane.

Question 7

Autolysis

Answer 7

Digesting remains after cell death. Cell commits suicide. This is a job for the lysosomes.

Question 8

What digests microbes (phagocytosis) and salutes (pinocytosis) and special molecules (receptor-mediated endocytosis)?

Answer 8

Lysosomes. The process that includes those 3 is endocytosis.

Question 9

Which organelle removes worn out or damaged organelles and cellular components?

Answer 9

Lysosomes

Question 10

What is Autophagy?

Answer 10

Natural, regulated, recycling of small molecules for re-synthesis. This is a job for the lysosomes.

Question 11

Lysosomal storage disease

Answer 11

Tay-Sacks disease

Question 12

What organelle converts hydrogen peroxide to water?

Answer 12

Peroxisomes

Question 13

Organelle that carries out cellular respiration

Answer 13

Mitochondria

Question 14

Endosymbiont theory involves what organelle?

Answer 14

Mitochondria. The theory’s evidence is that mitochondria has its own DNA therefore it’s possible that in the past mitochondria functioned outside the cell.

Question 15

Mitochondrial eve

Answer 15

Most common recent ancestor of all currently living humans. Line traced through all mother until it reaches a mother that everyone comes from hella long ago.

Question 16

Adrenoleukodystrophy

Answer 16

Missing protein for moving an enzyme into the peroxisomes. Lorenzo’s oil is based on this. Adrenal gland dysfunction.

Question 17

mtDNA

Answer 17

Mitochondrial DNA

Question 18

Mutation of mtDNA that decreases ATP production

Answer 18

MELAS - Mitochondrial myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic acidosis, Stroke

Question 19

Encephalopathy

Answer 19

Any disorder or disease of the brain, especially chronic degenerative disorders.

Question 20

Each ribosome has a small and large what?

Answer 20

Subunit. This means there is a large chunk of something stuck to a smaller chunk of something.

Question 21

Organelle responsible for protein synthesis

Answer 21

Ribosome

Question 22

Motility

Answer 22

Movement

Question 23

“Cell-suicide”

Answer 23

Apoptosis. Orderly, genetically programmed cell death. Removes potentially dangerous cells. Example: cancer cells.

Question 24

Cell death from tissue injury

Answer 24

Necrosis. Pathological cell death. Adjacent cells die.

Question 25

Cilia

Answer 25

Work together to move materials for fluids along the surface of the cell. Occur in large numbers. Come from centrosomes.

Question 26

Flagella

Answer 26

Similar to cilia except longer and singular. Only found in sperm.

Question 27

Appendages extending from the surface of the cell

Answer 27

Cilia and flagella

Question 28

What makes ribosomes

Answer 28

Nucleoli

Question 29

How does cell division in somatic cells differ from sex cells?

Answer 29

Number of chromosomes stays the same in somatic cells. Number of chromosomes is halved in sex cells

Question 30

Prophase

Answer 30

1st phase. Chromatin and condenses into chromosomes. Nuclear membrane and nucleosis disappear. Spindle forms. Centrosomes separate from each other.

Question 31

Metaphase

Answer 31

Chromosomes are pulled to the equator forming the metaphase plate

Question 32

Anaphase

Answer 32

Sister chromatids get pulled apart to become chromosomes. Shortest phase.

Question 33

Telophase

Answer 33

Opposite of prophase.

Question 34

Cells multiplying faster than they die results in what?

Answer 34

Tumor

Question 35

When can benign tumors be harmful?

Answer 35

When compressing brain tissue, nerves, blood vessels, or the airway.

Question 36

Metastasize

Answer 36

Spreading from one organ to another by way of blood or lymph.

Question 37

Telomeres

Answer 37

At the end of chromosomes. Prevent unraveling of DNA.

Question 38

Centromere

Answer 38

Holds the two sister chromatids together.

Question 39

What are the proteins inside centromere that microtubules attach to?

Answer 39

Kinetochore. Kinetochore microtubules.

Question 40

Functions of the Centrioles / Centrosomes

Answer 40

Organizes microtubules when cell is not dividing. Forms the spindle when cell is dividing. Had kinetochore microtubules that pull apart sister chromatids.