lecture exam 1 Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
three chemcical bonds
A
hydrogen, covalent, and ionic bonds
2
Q
order of the least strongest to strongest bond
A
hydrogen, ionic, polar covalent, non-polar covalent
3
Q
polar cavelnt molecule
A
water
4
Q
four types of inorganic compounds
A
water, acids, bases, salts (ionic-anions and cations in water), do not contain carbon atoms in chain
5
Q
universal solvent
A
water because it is abundant, high heat capacity, and a thermoregulator
6
Q
buffers
A
acid-balance regulators, able to resis abrupt changes to the pH by binding to H+ when pH drops
7
Q
organic compounds
A
carbs (-saccharides), lipids (fats), nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), proteins
8
Q
disaccharides
A
sucrose, lacose, maltose (linked by glycosidic bonds)
9
Q
primary protien structure
A
linear chain
10
Q
secondary protein structure
A
alphs helox or beta pleated sheet
11
Q
tertiary protein structure
A
proteins coil to make 3D shape
12
Q
quaternary protein structure
A
two or more polypeptide chains held by disulfide bonds
13
Q
structural proteins
A
secondary structure, insoluble, mechanical support and are in an strand-like shape
14
Q
fucntional proteins
A
soluble, (3/4 structure), ball-like, sensitive to low pH and high temp
15
Q
fibrous proteins
A
structural proteins
16
Q
denaturation
A
high temp and low pH levels
17
Q
lipids
A
neutral fats, phospholpids, steriods, eicosanoids
18
Q
unsaturated fats
A
double covalent bonds, liquid and plant based
19
Q
saturated fats
A
single covalent bond, solid and animal based
20
Q
what causes LDL proteins
A
the excess consumption of saturated fats
21
Q
good cholesterol
A
HDLs
22
Q
bad cholesterol
A
LDLs, the excess cholesterol increases and the amount of plaque increases causing it to clog the arteries and prevent blood flow
23
Q
phospholipids
A
glycerol bakcbone,2 fatty acid chain, and a phosphorous containing group
24
Q
what receptors fo steriodogenic cells express?
A
LDL receptors because LDL binds to LDL receptors o the surface of steriodogenic cells and are taken in via receptor-mediated endocytosis
25
eicosanoids
cyclooxygenase produces prostaglandin
26
use of aspirin
asprin manages thromboembolic disorders because it inhibits cyclooxygenase. thromboxane mediated blood clot formation and aspirin combats these disorders which is why it's used to prevent thrombi and emboli from forming
27
three major parts of a cell
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
28
plasma membrane
boundary of cell
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cytoplasm
interior of cell b/w membrane and nucleus
30
nucleus
contains genes which control activities in the cell
31
function of cholesterol in membrane
embedded in the tails of phospholipids (fatty acid tails), this stabilizes the unsaturated fats which stabilizes the membrane
32
integral proteins
important for movement of cells across the membrane
33
peripheral proteins
attached to the surface of integral proteins
34
transmembrane proteins
allows the transportation of specific substances along the membrane
35
membrane junctions
tight jucntions, desmosomes, gap junctions
36
tight junctions
impermeable junctions
37
desmosomes
anchoring junctions
38
gap junctions
communicating junctions
39
connexons
allow transfer of ions and small signaling molecules
40
linker proteins
are short amino acid sequences that separate mulitple domain in a single protein
41
membrane transport
active and passive processes
42
passive processes
simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration
43
simple diffusion
small, nonpolar molecules pass through lipid bilayer of the membrane (hydrophobic)
44
facilitated diffusion
facilitated polar, hydrophobic substances that cannot cross the bilayer without carrier proteins (transports integral proteins)
45
osmosis
movement of water from low to high concentrations through a semipermeable membrane (aquaporins)
46
filtration
down pressure gradient (no ATP) (urine formation through kidneys)
47
tonicity
0.5 and 9 NaCl = isotonic
less than that = hypotonic (bursts)
more tha that = hypertonic (shrink)
48
active processes
active transport and vesicular transport (bulk transport)
49
active transport
movement from low to high concentration gradients (solute pumping) (Na/K pump) against gradient
50
vesicular transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
51
endocytosis
movement into cells (nutrients etc)
52
exocytosis
movement out of cells (protein secretion)
53
three types of endocytosis
phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis
54
phagocytosis
moves solid particles from exterior into the cells
55
pinocytosis
movement of solutio into cels by enclosing the soution into escile (pinocytic vesicles)
56
receptor-mediated endocytosis
substance binds to specific receptors on the surface of the cell and are taken into the cell
57
mitochondria
powers plants
58
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis
59
rough er
membrane factories
60
smooth er
lipid and drug detoxification
61
lysosomes
demolition crew
62
peroxisomes
neutralize harmful free radicals
63
golgi apparatus
traffic director
64
protein secreting cells
rought er, golgi apparatus (strong presence of ribosomes)
65
drug detox and steriod hormones
smooth er
66
cytoskeleton
microtubules: 25 nm
intermediate filaments: 10 nm
micofilaments: 7 nm
67
structural different between cilia and flagella
cilia: slender, microscopic structure (short hair)
flagella: long hair-like structure that is complex
68
functional differences between cilia and flagella
cilia are faster and more efficient and are more abundant
flagella have one strand and not as efficient (sperm)
69
nucleus
nuclear membrane, nucleolus, nucleoli
70
nucleosomes
make up chromatin
71
fucntions of histone proteins
strcutural framework to support the delicate thread-like DNA to prevent twisting
regulate DNA
72
euchromatin
DNA extended and comes off histone proteins, active for transcrition and DNA replication
73
heterochromatin
DNA wrapped around histone proteins (inactive)
74
cell cycle
G1: cell growth by hypertrophy
S: DNA replication in addition to cell growth (results in two DNA molecules)
G2: protein synthesis espeically of proteins required for all cell divison
cell divison: nuclear division (PMAT:prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) finished with cytokinesis to split into 2 cells
75
hypertrophy
growth by increase of cell size
76
hyperplasia
growth by increase of cell # via mitosis
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neoplasia
excessive rapid increase of abnormal cells
78
transcription v replication
transcription: copy of DNA to to make an RNA molecule
replication: copy of DNA befoer cell divison
79
coding strand
not used in transcription process
80
DNA v RNA
DNA: double stranded molecule that is a long chain of nucleotides
RNA: single stranded molcule that is a short chain of nucleotides (cannot replicate itself)
81
pre-mRNA v mRNA
pre: first product of the gene and contains both non-coding and coding sequences
mRNA: second product, only containing coding sequences
82
triplet
3 base sequences in DNA
83
codon
3 base sequences in mRNA
84
anticodon
3 base sequences in RNA
85
genetic code
mRNA is transcribed from a gene and is transcribed
86
redundancy of genetic code
most amino acids are specified from one or more mRNA codon
87
protein synthesis
translation and transcription
88
RNA editing and splicing
the process of modifying RNA nucleotides to change the amino acids sequences. this involves editing specific nucleotides
89
coding strand for DNA
non-template strand becase this sequence will remain the same as the new RNA mlcl
90
four primary types of tissues
epithelial tissues: cover
CT: support
Muscle: movement
nervous; control
91
two types of ET
simple and stratified
92
mesothelium
double layered, lines the vertebral cavity (inside seroud membrane), simple squamos ET
93
endothelium
lines the cardiovascular system, simples squamos ET
94
respiratory ET
pseudostratified columnar ET, lines the structures in the respiratory system (ciliated)
95
transitional ET
lining urinary system (allows urine to go through body's surface)
96
2 types of glandular ET
endocrine and exocrine glands
97
endocrine glands
secreted hormones in extracellular fluid
98
exocrine glands
secretes product into body's surface
99
subtypes of exocrine
structural and functional glands
100
globet cells
secretes mucin that uses cilia to move the cell debris away and has a duct system
101
simples multicellular exocrine glands
unbranched
102
compound multicellular exocrine glands
branched
103
tubular multicellular excorine glands
secretory proteins, tube like
104
alveolar multicellular exocrine glands
secretory proteins, flask like sacs
105
tubuloalveolar multicellular exocrine glands
secretory proteins, tubes and flask like sacs
106
fucntionsl classes of multicellular exocrine glands (secretion)
apocrine, merocrine, holocrine
107
apocrine
the apex is pinched off and the product oozed into ducts
108
merocrine
mae inside cells and enclosed inside vesicles, the. moved to plasma membrane and fused to it and products are released
109
holocrine
the cells is not enclosed to the duct because they are too heacy to they rupture and are released into the cells
110
secretion mode not used by glands in human body
apocrine?
111
nonliving CT
extracellular matrix, has al three fibers
112
living CT
cells that are derived from mesenchyme and prpduce tissue
113
mesenchyme
where all living cells come from
114
2 types of connective proper
loose and dense tissue
115
dense tissue
also known as fibrous tissue because they are densely packed
116
"packing material" of the body
areolar CT
117
dense regular connective tissue
runs in one direction and it's found in tendons and ligaments
118
dense irregular tissue
runs in different directions and resisits tension, highly vasuclarized and found under poorly vascularized tissue (dense regular CT)
found in ther dermis of skin and fibrous capsules in synovial membrane
119
cell that secretes cartilage
chondroblasts
120
pericondrium
dense irregular CT
121
consistency of the matrix of cartilage
semi-solid matrix
122
three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
123
hyaline cartilage
part of the embryonic skeleton, is articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate
124
elastic cartilage
found in the pinna:ear) and epiglottis
125
fibrocartilage
connected by intervertebral discs, found in joints
126
what cell secretes bone tissue
osteoblasts
127
4 classes of CT
fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, hematopoietic
128
bone tissue
solid matrix, osteiod is the organic matrix, hydrooxypatites are the inorganic matrix, once the organic matrix begins to grow, it's invaded by the inorganic matrix and this is what causes the matrix to soldify)
129
hematopoietic stem cells
secretes blood, fluid matrix is blood plasma
130
blood and bone tissue relation
both made up of CT and this connects and supports other body parts, so they similar functions
131
3 muscle tissues
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
132
cardiac
has striations, uninucleate, undergoes involuntary control and found in walls of heart
133
skeletal
multinucleated, voluntary control, striations, found in skeletal muscle attached to bones and skin
134
smooth
involuntary control, no observable striations, walls of hollow organs
135
involuntary control
cardiac and smooth
136
striations
cardiac and skeletal
137
glial cells
found in nervous tissue, provides with protection and insulaton
138
neurons
in nervous tissue, waves of excitement
139
mucous membranes
overlying: nonkeratinized stratified squamous ET
underlying tissue areolar tissuse
140
serous membrane
overlying: simple squamous ET
underlying: areolar tissue
141
synovial membrane
overlying: dense irregular CT
underlying: areolar CT
142
mesothelium
simple squamous ET only in serous membrane
143
lamina propia
areolar CT only in mucous membrane
144
membrane regarding skin
cutaneous membrane
145
membrane composed of 2 types of CT
cutaneous, muscous, serous
