Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
Items from study guide for Lecture Exam 1. (106 cards)
1
Q
For what is Robert Hooke known?
A
Used microscope he built to observe cork ; saw tiny compartments which he called cellulae
2
Q
For what is Francisco Redi known?
A
First to refute spontaneous generation.
3
Q
For what is Antoine van Leeuwenhoek known?
A
discovered living cells ; animalicules “little animals”
4
Q
For what is Matthias Schleiden known?
A
Cell theory ; all plants are made of cells
5
Q
For what is Theodor Schwann known?
A
cell theory ; all animals are made up of cells
6
Q
For what is Rudolf Carl Virchow known?
A
biogenesis ; all cells come from pre-existing living cells
7
Q
For what is Louis Pasteur known?
A
early vaccines ; germs are everywhere ; fermentation
8
Q
For what is Alexander Fleming known?
A
discovered penicillin
9
Q
For what is Rosalind Franklin known?
A
discovered via x-rays that the structure of DNA is helix
10
Q
For what are Watson and Crick known?
A
model of DNA as a double helix
11
Q
For what is Ian Wilmut known?
A
cloned Dolly the sheep from an adult body cell (somatic cell)
12
Q
For what is Robert Brown known?
A
described nucleus as control center/where DNA is stored
13
Q
What are the five characteristics of living things?
A
Organization ; acquisition of materials/energy ; response ; reproduce and develop ; adapt
14
Q
What is a tissue?
A
different cells combined for a common function
15
Q
What is an organ?
A
tissues combined for a common function.
16
Q
What is an organ system?
A
Organs working together
16
Q
What is the smallest unit of life?
A
cell
17
Q
What is meant by “emergent properties”?
A
Each level has characteristics not found at lower levels ; each level is the sum of its own parts, cannot exist without those parts
18
Q
What is metabolism?
A
all chemical reactions in a cell
19
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
internal control mechanisms
20
Q
What is science?
A
The theory/application of systematic study to determine structure/function of the natural world through observation and experiment.
21
Q
What are the characteristics of science?
A
natural laws ; explained by natural laws ; must be testable ; conclusions are tentative ; falsifiable
22
Q
What is deductive reasoning?
A
develop inferences from generalized principles (a priori knowledge)
23
Q
What is inductive reasoning?
A
develop general principles from observations
24
What is the scientific method?
logical series of steps to gain new knowledge
25
What are the steps in the scientific method?
Observation ; hypothesis ; experiment ; conclusion ; repeat
26
What does "observation" mean?
identify the problem/phenomenon
27
What does "hypothesis" mean?
educated guess ; possible explanation for phenomenon
28
What is an experiment?
test hypothesis ; make predictions with deductive reasoning
29
What does "conclusion" means?
Does data support the hypothesis? ; inductive reasoning
30
Why must the scientific method include the 5th step, "repeat"?
Results must be repeatable by others ; if the test is retained, new hypothesis must be made and tested
31
What is experimental design?
method of research in which a subject group is exposed to controlled experimental variable to compare with the control group.
32
What is an experimental variable? What was the example in our class?
independent variable ; manipulated by the scientist ; example was aspirin dosage for headaches.
33
What is a response variable? What was the example in our class?
dependent variable ; the change ; example was the amount of time it took for the dosage to take effect
34
What is a test group? What was the example in our class?
the people exposed to the experimental variable ; example was the people who received aspirin
35
What is a control group? What was the example in our class?
the people NOT exposed to the experimental variable ; example was the people who were not given aspirin/given a placebo
36
What is a placebo?
a controlled manipulation to the experiment that has no effect.
37
What are data?
quantitative results from experiment
38
What is a scientific theory?
hypothesis supported by lots of evidence ; never rejected
39
What is a scientific law?
generally accepted scientific theory
40
List the major scientific theories of biology and science.
cell theory ; law of biogenesis ; gene theory ; evolution/microevolution ; first and second law of thermodynamics ; law of gravity ; laws of hereditary ; law of segregation ; law of independent assortment ; Hardy-Weinberg law ; principle of nuclear equivalence
41
What is matter?
anything that has mass and occupies space
42
What are elements?
matter composed of pure substances
43
What are the primary elements of organisms?
carbon ; hydrogen ; nitrogen ; oxygen ; phosphorus ; sulfur
44
What is a proton? Where is it found in an atom? What is its charge?
positively-charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
45
What is a neutron? Where is it found in an atom? What is its charge?
neutral-charge subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom
46
What is an electron? Where is it found in an atom? What is its charge?
negatively-charged subatomic particle found in the valence shell orbiting around the nucleus of the atom
47
What is the Atomic Mass of an element?
Total mass of protons + neutrons.
48
What is the Atomic Number of an element?
number of protons
49
What is an isotope?
atoms of the same element with same atomic number, but different atomic weight ; unstable
50
If an atom contains 6 protons in the nucleus, how many electrons will that atom usually have?
6 electrons ; 2 inner shell, 4 outer shell
51
Which electrons have the highest energy?
electrons farthest from nucleus have the highest potential energy
52
What is the Octet Rule?
1st shell is full when there are 2 electrons ; 2nd shell is full when there are 8 electrons
53
What is an ion?
charged atom/molecule
54
What is ionic bonding?
transfer of electrons via oxidation or reduction
55
How would you describe the strength of an ionic bond?
strong
56
What is Covalent bonding?
sharing of electrons
57
How would you describe the strength of a covalent bond?
strongest bond
58
What is Polar Covalent bonding? What results from a polar covalent bond?
unequal sharing of electrons ; results in an electro-positive end and electro-negative end.
59
What is Hydrogen bonding?
slightly positive H atom attracts to slightly negative molecule
60
How would you describe the strength of a hydrogen bond?
weakest bond ; easily broken
61
What is the relationship of energy to chemical bonds?
energy is needed to form a chemical bond ; energy is stored in the bond ; energy is released when the bond is broken
62
What is an acid?
produces protons ; tastes sour ; can be corrosive
63
What is a base?
accepts protons ; tastes bitter ; can be caustic ; feels slippery
64
What is pH?
measure of acidity/alkalinity
65
Describe the pH scale.
ranges 0-14 ; 0-3 is acidic ; 11-14 is basic ; 4-10 is neutral
66
What are the characteristics of water?
essential to life ; resists changes in temperature ; resists changes in state ; universal solvent ; cohesion (sticks to self) and adhesion (sticks to others) ; high surface tension ; solid form is less dense than liquid form
67
What is the relationship of water to living things?
living things are 70-90% made up of water
68
What is meant by hydrophobic?
"water fearing" ; repelled by water
69
What is meant by hydrophillic?
"water loving" ; attracted to water
70
Give an example of a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophillic.
phospholipid
71
What are the primary elements of organic molecules?
CHO ; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
72
What are the characteristics of carbon?
4 electrons in the outer shell ; covalent bonds ; binds with up to 4 elements ; bonds with other carbon atoms ; long carbon chains or rings
73
What are Functional Groups?
attached to carbon chain ; certain patterns = structures ; behaviors = functions ; determines polarity of organic molecules
74
What are the primary classes of organic molecules? (know some examples and characteristics)
carbohydrates (glucose ; immediate energy) ; lipids (fats and oils ; 2x potential energy) ; proteins ; nucleic acids
75
What is Dehydration Synthesis?
when monomers join ; OH- and H+ removed, while H2O is formed
76
What is Hydrolysis?
adding water breaks the bond ; reverse of dehydration synthesis
77
What is a monosaccharide? Give an example.
"one sugar" ; building block for carbohydrates ; examples are glucose and fructose
78
What is a disaccharide? Give an example.
2 monosaccharides ; examples are sucrose and lactose
79
What is a polysaccharide? Give an example.
polymers of monosaccharides ; examples are starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
80
What is the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms in carbohydrates?
1 C : 2 H : 1 O
81
What is Chitin?
the material that makes up the exoskeleton of insects, arachnids, and crustaceans.
82
What are the four classes of lipids?
fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids.
83
What is the monomer of lipids?
Triglycerides
84
What is the structure of triglycerides?
3 fatty acid tails and 1 glycerol head.
85
What is meant by saturated fat?
no double bonds (all hydrogens)
86
What is meant by unsaturated fat?
has double bonds ( missing hydrogens)
87
What is the structure of phospholipids?
2 fatty acid tails, phosphate group, glycerol head
88
What is the structure of a steroid?
4 rings of carbon atoms
89
What is the steroid that is a precursor of all other steroids?
cholesterols
90
What is the monomer for proteins?
amino acids
91
What is the structure of an amino acid?
carbon bonded to a single hydrogen , amine group , acid group , "r" group
92
How many different amino acids exist?
20
93
What is the primary structure of a protein?
sequence/chain of amino acids
94
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
polypeptide coils/folds in particular fashion
95
Give examples of two basic forms of secondary proteins.
helix and pleated sheet
96
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
3D shape from folding and twisting
97
What is the quaternary structure of a protein? What is their shape?
2 or more tertiary proteins working together
98
What are two things that denature proteins?
heat and pH
99
What are enzymes?
proteins that act as catalysts
100
What is the monomer for nucleic acids?
nucleotides
101
What is the structure of a nucleotide?
phosphate molecule ; pentose sugar ; nitrogen base
102
Give 3 examples of nucleic acids.
DNA, RNA, ATP
103
What are the characteristics of DNA?
Sugar is deoxyribose, double stranded, 4 nitrogen bases (cytosine, thymine, guanine, adenine)
104
What are the characteristics of RNA?
Sugar is ribose, single stranded, 4 nitrogen bases (cytosine, uracil, guanine, adenine)
105
What is the structure of ATP?
Sugar is ribose, 1 base (adenine), 3 phosphate groups
