Lecture Exam 1 Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
Chordate characteristics
A
- Pharyngeal wall with bilaterally symmetrical pharyngeal pouches and pharyngeal slits
- Mid-dorsal hollow nerve cord
- A single, mid-dorsal supportive rod, the notochord
- A muscular post-anal tail
- An endostyle (thyroid precursor?) or thyroid gland
2
Q
Additional common characteristics of chordates
A
A segmented body (metamerism)
A coelom or true body cavity
Bilateral symmetry
Sense organs and nervous system concentrated in the head
3
Q
The course of evolution, the evolutionary path that has occurred over time
A
Phylogeny
4
Q
Branching chart showing evolutionary lines
A
Dendrograms
5
Q
Ancestral characteristics (term)
A
Plesiomorphic characteristics
6
Q
Derived characteristics (term)
A
Apomorphic characteristics
7
Q
Separating evolution into groups based off a common ancestor
A
cladistics
8
Q
unique derived characteristics
A
apomorphies
9
Q
shared derived characteristics
A
Synapomorphies/Autoapomorphy
10
Q
an ancestor and all of its’ descendants
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Monophyletic
11
Q
Kingdom Animalia
A
Echinoderm
Hemichordates
Chordates
12
Q
anus develops first, mouth develops second
A
Deuterostomes
13
Q
A polyphyletic group that shares some or all of the chordate characteristics (related to echinoderms)
A
“Protochordates”
14
Q
Solitary or colony marine animals that share some chordate characteristics - lack notochord and postanal tail
A
Hemichordates
15
Q
A hemichordate that feeds by waving an arm around, similar to primitive echinoderms
A
pterobranchs
16
Q
The clade that encompasses all chordates, united by five synapomorphies
A
Chordata
17
Q
A clade composed mostly of sea squirts, which contain the chordate characteristics as larvae
A
Urochordata/Tunicata
18
Q
Animals found on rocks/pilings in the marine habitat. They filter feed through pharyngeal slits, and their larvae is referred to as “tadpoles”. These animals show most chordate characteristics as larvae.
A
Sea squirts
19
Q
Small, fish-like marine animals. Best known by “amphioxous,” which filter feed using cilia.
A
Cephalochordata
20
Q
The iconic member of cephalochordata, a fish-like marine animal that suspension feeds using cilia to pull current into the mouth and out through the pharyngeal slits
A
“amphioxous”
21
Q
Evidence that echinoderms, chordates and hemichordates branched off of a common ancestor:
A
Echinoderms and chordates are deuterostomes
Echinoderm and Hemichordate larva are similar
Primitive echinoderms resembled pterobranchs, both sessile and filter feeding via ciliated tentacles called lophophores
A type of hemichordate, the pterobranch, has a single pharyngeal slit
Hemichordates share some of the chordate characteristics
22
Q
Craniata
A
Animals with a braincase
23
Q
Agnatha
A
Jawless fishes, used a muscular pump to produce a water current that pulled in food
24
Q
Haikouella
A
An extinct early fish-like chordate, member of the clade Agnatha - found in China
25
Myxiniformes
```
Hagfish:
Jawless
Eel-like
Scaleless
Single nostril
Scavengers
One semicircular duct
```
26
Vertebrata
The clade containing all vertebrates
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Petromyzontiformes
```
Lamprey:
Jawless
Eel-like
Scaleless
Single nostril
Poor eyes
No true jaws/girdles
Predates on live fish
Two semicircular canals
Muscular pump creates a current for food
```
28
Conodonts
An extinct group of small jawless fishes - very cute
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"ostracoderms"
"shell skin" - covered in thick armor
Paraphyletic group of extinct fishes
Small, no bony jaws, no true teeth, one or two nostrils
some had no girdles or appendages while others had homologous structures to pectoral fins
Probably filter feeders
Some pelagic, some benthic
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"ostracoderms" contains:
```
Heterostracans
Anaspids
Thelodonts
Galeaspids
Osteostracans
```
31
Gnathostomata
Jawed fishes
| Contains Placodermi, Chondricthyes, Osteichthyes, and Acanthodii
32
Where did jaws come from?
The first two gill arches evolved to form jaws
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Why are jaws useful?
More food types
| Catching and manipulating food
34
Besides jaws, what else helped early fishes spread out into many niches?
The development of true paired fins (pelvic and pectoral girdles)
35
Placodermi
One of the first jawed fishes - could also be acanthodians or sharks
Freshwater, then marine fishes
Few inches - 20ft long
Known for heavy bony armor with a distinct hinge
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Chondrichthyes
Cartilagenous fishes
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Elasmobranchii
```
Sharks, skates and rays
Heterocercal cartilaginous skeletons
Dermal denticles and placoid scales
No swim bladders
Claspers
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38
Holocephali
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(all head)
Chimaeras (or rat fishes)
Cartilaginous deep water fishes
External gill slit covered by fleshy operculum
Males have clasper on head
```
39
Acanthodii
Extinct group of small fishes with prominent fin spines
Mostly freshwater
Some strained plankton, some predated
40
Osteichthyes
Bony fishes! Have a bony endoskeleton
Started in freshwater, spread out e v e r y w h e r e
Split into Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii
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Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fish - bony rays support fin membranes
| Two main evolutionary lines - Chondrostei and Neopterygii
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Chondrostei
Sturgeon and paddlefish
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Neopterygii
Gar and bowfin
| Teleostei branched off from this group
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Teleostei
A small group, encompassing THIRTY THOUSAND SPECIES and COMPOSING MOST OF ALL EXTANT FISH
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Sarcopterygii
Lobe finned fish - fleshy paired fins (may have raylike bones but there is FLESH in the fins)
The fin bones are in a distinct pattern
Its fingers
Theyre in finger pattern
Also have external and internal nostrils and heavy scales
Group contains Actinistia and "rhipidistians"
46
Actinistia
Coelacanths (mostly extinct), including Latimeria (extant)
Thought to be extinct until Latmeria was found in DEEP water Madagascar and Malaysia
Formerly called crossopterygians
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"rhipidistians"
Includes Dipnoi and Icthyostegids
| An extinct sarcopterygian rhipidistian led to the first amphibian
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Dipnoi
Lungfish
| Found in Africa, S. America and Australia - all used to be together in ye olde Pangea
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Amphibia (amphibians)
Wet bois - tied to water
Have: moist skin, no amnion/chorion, no true claws, thin cornified layer (keratin), one sacral vertebra, tympanum, are poikilothermic endotherms
Earliest amphibians called "labyrinthodont"
50
"labyrinthodont"
Early amphibians
| Had dermal scales, fish like tails, and similar skulls and limb bones
51
How did the transition to land occur?
During droughts, rhipidistian fishes (like lungfish) used fins to hop from pond to pond
Lack of land predators and shit made it a cushy place to stay
So you got lil fishies chillin on the land a lot, going into the water for fucking and stuffs
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What made living on land possible?
1) Lungs - allowed for respiration
| 2) Limbs, digits - locomotion
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Lissamphibia: Extant amphibians
Gymnophiona - Caecilians
Urodela - salamanders (newts are a family of salamanders)
Anura - frogs (toads are a common name for frogs of sever families)
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Reptilia
Includes amniota, which includes Reptiliomorpha
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Reptiliomorpha (reptiles)
Free of the water
Epidermal scales, dry skin with a thick cornified layer, no external mucous glands (i.e. not slimy), at least two sacral vertebrae, a single occipital condyle, true claws.
Lay amniote/cleidoic eggs
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Cleidoic egg
Embryo is nestled in embryonic membranes
Three membranes: amnion, chorion, and allantois
Prevents dessication, requires internal fertilization
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Members of Reptiliomorpha
Diapsida
| Synapsida
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Diapsida
Animals with two fenestra in skull
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Synapsida
Animals with one fenestra in skull
| Contains therapsida, which led to mammalia
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Testudines
Le turts
| Diapsid fused up so turts look anapsid - a derived anapsid
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Icthyosaurs and Pleisiosaurs
Extinct aquatic reptiles
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Lepidosaura
Scaly reptiles
| Contains Sphenodontidae and Squamata
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Sphenodontidae
Tuatara - ancestral lizard in New Zealand
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Squamata
Iguania - iguanas, chameleons, lizards, bearded dragons
Gekkota - geckos
Amphisbaenia - amphisbaenids
Serpentes - snakes
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Archosauromorpha
ruling reptiles
| Consists of Crocodilians, Pterosauria, Ornithischia, Saurischia
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Ornithischia
Bird hipped dinosaurs
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Saurischia
Lizard hipped dinosaurs
| Aves descended from this group
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Aves
Birds developed from a saurischian therapod
Archaeopteryx is considered one of the earliest bird forms
Includes "ratites" and Neornithes
69
Archaeopteryx had:
```
Three clawed fingers
A dinosaur-like pelvic girdle
A long tail with feathers
Teeth
A small bony sternum/breastbone
Abdominal ribs
```
70
"ratites"
Flightless group of birds
Includes ostrich, emu, rheas, cassowaries, and kiwis
Feather barbs do not interlock
71
Neornithes
```
Modern birds - all have:
True flight
Feathers
Lightweight bones
Air sacs
Modified lung
Left ovary, oviduct only
High body temp, slightly regulated: homeothermic endotherm
No urinary bladder
No teeth
```
72
Types of Neornithes
Pelecaniformes - fropic birds, pelicans, cormorants, frigate birds
Falconiformes - condors, hawks, eagles, falcons
Passeriformes - perching birds, such as songbirds
73
Mammalia
Therapsid reptiles led to mammals
Now the most diverse terrestrial vertebrates
Homeothermic endotherms
Contain Monotremata and Theria
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Six traits of mammals
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Mammary glands
Sweat glands
Sebaceous glands
Three ear bones
Squamosal/dentary jaw joint
Anucleate red blood cells
```
75
Monotremata
Animals such as the duckbill platypus and the spiny anteater
Lay large, reptilian like eggs
Have poorly developed mammary glands, no nipple
More limited tooth replacement
Have a cloaca
Have abdominal testes
Have little ability to maintain temperature regulation (bad at being homeothermic endotherms)
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Theria
Bear live young - uteruses!
Have diagnostic molar teeth
Have well developed mammary glands
Two groups: Metatheria and Eutheria
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Metatheria
```
Marsupials
Mostly in Australia
Short intrauterine development - young develops good forearms but stumpy legs in utero and climbs from uterus to pouch, then attaches to a nipple in the pouch
No true placenta
Well developed marsupium (a pouch)
```
78
Eutheria
Placental mammals
| Have a chorioallantoic placenta
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Chorioallantoic placenta
Formed from the chorion membrane and the allantois (sac to collect urine), and filled with amniotic fluid
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Four primary tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
81
Tissues
Composed of basement membrane, cells, and extracellular nonliving material that binds cells together
Can be liquid, gel, semi-solid or solid
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Epithelial tissues
```
Cover/line body surfaces and form glands
May have motile cilia
Little intercellular space
No blood vessels
Contains a basal lamina/basement membrane below the epithelium
```
83
Basal lamina
Thin membrane below epithelium made of collagen, proteoglycans and water
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Proteoglycan
A protein core with linear, repeating polysaccharide side chains called glycosaminoglycans
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Glycosaminoglycans
Linear, repeating polysaccharide side chains that surround the protein core of proteoglycans
86
The five types of epithelial tissues are:
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Simple squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
```
87
Simple squamous epithelium
Single layer, thin flattened cells
| Lines alveoli, blood/lymph vessels, lines your pleural (lung)/ peritoneal (gut)/ pericardial (heart) cavities
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Stratified squamous epithelium
Multiple layers of squamous cells
Deeper layers get thicker
Can be keratinized
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, anus, vagina, and forms epidermis
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
Single layer of cube-shaped cells that may have cilia
| Ovaries, various gland ducts, kidney tubules
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Simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of elongated cells that may have cilia (uterus, oviducts, paranasal sinuses)
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Single layer of cells, but looks more complex because some cells don’t reach the top
Often have cilia
Some gland ducts, respiratory passages, eustachian tubes
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Mucous membrane/mucosa
Moist bois - mucus
Open to exterior: digestive, urinary, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
Stratified squamous or simple columnar over lamina propria and possibly muscularis mucosae
Lubricate, absorptive, secretory
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Lamina propria
Connective tissue under mucous membrane/mucosa
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Muscularis mucosae
Smooth muscle often found under mucosa
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Mucous membrane functions
Lubricate
Absorb
Secrete mucus, enzymes
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Serous membrane/serosa
Serous fluid
Loose connective tissue covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
Visceral and parietal pleura (lung membrane), vp peritoneum, and vp pericardium, also forms gut mesentaries
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Mesothelium
Simple squamous epithelium that secretes a serous fluid
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Connective tissue
Composed of extracellular matrix and cells
Fibroblasts and macrophages are most common cells
Permeated by blood vessels
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Extracellular matrix
Ground substance
| Fibers (collagen, reticulin, or elastin)
100
Ground substance
Water and hydrophilic proteoglycans bound to hyaluronic acid
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Macrophages
Mobile cells that phagocytize foreign matter, dead/dying cells, and bacteria
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Types of connective tissue
```
Loose (areolar connective tissue)
Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Elastic connective tissue
Adipose
```
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Loose (areolar) connective tissues
Widespread, loose connective tissue.
Mostly macrophages and fibroblasts
Mostly collagen fibers with some elastic/reticular
Jelly-like ground substance
Binds skin to structures, fills in spaces, associated with adipose tissue
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Dense regular connective tissue
Very little ground substance (liquid)
More collagen, less cells
Fibroblasts are the only cells, arranged in long parallel rows with collagen fibers (tightly packed)
Dense collagen renders tissue inextensible
Tendons, ligaments, deep fascia, aponeuroses
Shark and fish dermis - serves as a mechanical protector and as an exoskeleton, thicker in female (to protect from biting during fucking)
Forms helices around all fish
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Dense irregular connective tissue
Dense areolar connective tissue - more of the cellular components, thicker collagen and extensive elastic fibers
Sturdier than loose connective tissue
Collagen has certain alignment in humans (surgical cuts scar more in certain directions)
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Elastic connective tissue
Thick, sturdy tissue with a lot of elastic fibers, with some collagen fibrils and a few fibroblasts
Strong but stretchy
Ligamentum nuchae of ruminants, arterial walls, vocal cords
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Adipose tissue
Fat cells, often mixed with loose connective tissue
Protects and insulates
Minimal matrix, subcutaneous or around heart/muscles
Grows/shrinks depending on storage
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Supportive connective tissues
Endoskeleton tissues: notochord, cartilage, bone
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Notochord
Plesiomorphic (ancestral) structure composed of vesicular connective tissue surrounded by cylindrical sheath and external membrane
Retained in lamprey, hagfish
Expanded and constricted between vertebrae in sharks
Forms nucleous pulposas of intervertebral discs in most tetrapods
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Vesicular connective tissue
Tissue of the notochord, made of fluid filled cells
111
Cartilage
Solid and elastic extracellular matrix, full of collagen and proteoglycans
No blood/lymph
Cells are called chondrocytes, lay in lacunae within matrix
Can divide and lay down new matrix - interstitial and appositional growth
Tough perichondrium wraps cartilage
112
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells
| Lay within lacunae in matrix
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Appositional growth
Adding to outside
114
Interstitial growth
Adding to inside
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Perichondrium
Outer fibrous layer, inner cellular layer
Inner layer is chondrogenic - makes cartilage cells
Wraps around cartilage
116
Three cartilage types
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Elastic cartilage
117
Hyaline cartilage
Blue-white/transluscent
Few fibers
Easily damagedarticulating joints, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, bronchi, larynx
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Fibrocartilage
Many fibers, mostly collagen
Stronger, more tear resistant
Intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis
119
Elastic cartilage
Yellowish, loose collection of collagen and elastin fibers
Pliable and strong
Ear, epiglottis, lining eustachian tubes
120
Bone
Dominant skeletal material in most adult vertebrates
Solid matrix with collagen fibers, some proteins, protein-polysaccharides and glycoproteins, and calcium phosphate as hydroxyapatite
Has blood vessels
121
Bone tissue types
Lamellar bones/compact bone
| Spongy bone/cancellous bone
122
Lamellar bone
Dense, hard tissue towards the ends of a bone
123
Spongy bone
Deeper tissue within a bone
| Composed of trabeculae (bony plates) that form gaps filled with marrow
124
Periosteum
Lining of the bone outside
Composed of an outer collagenous fibrous layer and an inner more cellular layer
Attached to the bone by Sharpey's fibers
125
Endosteum
Lining of inner spongy bone
126
Osteocytes
Bone cells trapped within lacunae
| Connected via canaliculi
127
Canaliculi
Small channels that allow for communication between lacunae
128
What makes adult teleost bones special?
Anucleate
129
Osteoblasts
Bone cells not in lacuna
