Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
(163 cards)
1
Q
Who was Matthias Schlieden
A
He was a botanist
2
Q
Who was Theodor Schwann?
A
He was a zoologist
3
Q
What are the 3 main characteristics of a cell?
A
- They are the building blocks for all living things
- It is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living things
- It retains a dual existence as distinct entity and building block of organisms
4
Q
What is the cell theory?
A
- Cells are the simplest, smallest units of life
- Cells may only arise from pre-existing cells
- All metabolic events occur within cells
5
Q
What happens when you increase cell volume?
A
It causes issues to the cell membrane
6
Q
What affects the rate of diffusion?
A
- Surface area
- Temperature
- Concentration gradient
- Distance
7
Q
What is the role of the cell membrane?
A
Acts as protection
8
Q
What is the role of the golgi apparatus?
A
It is the receiving and sending center
It receives proteins and delivers to their destinations
9
Q
What are the roles of a vesicle?
A
It ships proteins eternally to the nucleus
Secretes proteins to the outside of the cell
10
Q
What is the lysosome?
A
It is the stomach cells
11
Q
What is sent to the lysosome?
A
Debris, worn out, or damaged parts
12
Q
What is the mitochondria?
A
It is the powerhouse of the cell
13
Q
What is the role of the mitochondria?
A
Cellular respiration
14
Q
What do the centrioles aid?
A
Cell division
15
Q
What are the roles of the cytoskeleton?
A
Maintains cell shape
Anchors cell with extracellular matrix
16
Q
What is the apical part of the cell?
A
It is the top domain
17
Q
What is the apical domain of the cell responsible for?
A
- Protection
- Absorption
- Secretion
18
Q
What is the basolateral?
A
It is the side and bottom domain of the cell
19
Q
What is the basolateral responsible for?
A
Anchorage and communication to neighboring cells
20
Q
Define cytoplasm
A
It is the material between plasma membrane and the nucleus
21
Q
Define plasma membrane
A
It encloses most the organelle
22
Q
What is the role of the plasma membrane?
A
It organizes and protects the cell
23
Q
Which head is soluble in water?
A
Polar/hydrophilic head
24
Q
Which head is not soluble in water?
A
Fatty acids/nonpolar head
25
Define semipermeable
Some substance can flow through it freely
26
What is the role of cholesterol?
It is used to maintain the stability of the cell
27
Define cytosol
A viscous, semitransparent fluid substance of cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended
28
Define cytoplasmic organelles
Specialized cellular compartments or structures, each performing its own job to maintain the life of the cell
29
Define inclusions
Chemical substances such as glycogen granules and pigment
30
What is the role of hydrostatic properties?
They help cells maintain their shape
31
What functions are biological membranes involved in?
1. Import and export
2. Compartmentalization
3. Cell signaling, they respond to environment
4. Cell and nuclear division
5. Production of energy intermediates
32
What are the characteristics of polar heads?
1. Made by glycerol and phosphate
2. The tail is made of 2 fatty acids, hydrophobic cells
3. Increases the flexibility of the cell membrane
33
What is the percentage breakdown for lipids?
75% phospholipids
5% glycolipids
20% cholesterol
34
Define phosphate heads
They are polar and hydrophilic
35
Define fatty acid tails
They are non polar hydrophobic
36
Define glycolipids
Lipids with polar sugar groups on outer membrane surface
37
What is the role of cholesterol?
It increases membrane stability
38
What are the two types of membrane proteins?
1. Integral proteins
| 2. Peripheral proteins
39
What are the characteristics of integral proteins?
- They are firmly inserted into the membrane
| - They have hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions
40
What is the function of integral proteins?
They transport proteins, enzymes, or receptors
41
What are the characteristics of peripheral proteins?
- They are loosely attached to integral proteins
| - They include filaments on intracellular/extracellular surface for membrane support
42
What is the function of peripheral proteins?
They are enzymes or motor proteins that are involved in mechanical functions, such as changing cell shape during cell division and muscle cell contraction
43
What are the 6 functions of membrane proteins?
1. Transporter
2. Cell-surface receptor
3. Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
4. Enzyme
5. Intercellular joining
6. Cell-to-cell adhesion
44
Define osmosis
Movement of water across a membrane
45
What kind of energy is osmosis an example of?
Kinetic energy
46
Define tonicity
How a solution affects cell volume
47
Define simple diffusion
Substances diffuse directly though the lipid bilayer
48
What substances diffuse during simple diffusion?
Gases, steroid hormones, and fatty acids
49
Define facilitated diffusion
The transported substance either binds to carrier proteins in the membrane and is ferried across or moves through water-filled channel proteins
50
Define carriers
Transmembrane proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules, ones that are too large to pass through membrane channels
51
Define vesicular transport
The transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes
52
Define exocytosis
Secretes substance into the extracellular space
53
Define endocytosis
Eats the large molecules into the cells
54
Define phagocytosis
Pseudopods engulf solids and bring them into the cell's interior
55
Define filtration
It is a form of hydrostatic pressure, it is the formation of kidney filtrate
56
What is the role of cell junctions?
To aid or inhibit movement of molecules between or past cells and also see to tie cells together into tightly knit communities
57
What are 3 types of cell junctions
1. Tight junctions
2. Desmosomes
3. Gap junctions
58
What are tight junctions?
A series of integral protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together like the zipper of a Ziploc bag
59
What is the role of tight junctions?
They help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells and restrict the movements of membrane proteins
60
Define desmosomes
They serve as anchoring junctions, they are mechanical couplings scattered like rivets along the sides of adjacent cells to prevent their separation
61
What is the role of desmosomes?
They bind neighboring cells together into sheets and also contribute to a continuous internal network of strong fibers
62
Define gap junctions
It is communication junction that determines what kind of stuff passes through them
63
Where are gap junctions found?
The heart and smooth muscle
64
What are the 5 types of membranous cytoplasmic organelles?
1. Mitochondria
2. Peroxisomes
3. Lysosomes
4. Endoplasmic reticulum
5. Golgi apparatus
65
What are the 3 types of non membranous cytoplasmic organelles?
1. Cytoskeleton
2. Centrioles
3. Ribosomes
66
Define mitochondria
- It is a double membrane structure with shelf-like cristae
- Provides most of the cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration
- Contains their own DNA and RNA
- Releases carbon dioxide as waste
67
Define ribosomes
- Granules containing protein and rRNA
- Site of protein synthesis
- Synthesize soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles
- Membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membrane, lysosomes, or exported from cells
68
Define endoplasmic reticulum
- They are interconnected tubes and membranes enclosing cisternae
- It is continuous with nuclear membrane
- There are two varieties rough and smooth ER
69
Define smooth ER
They are tubules arranged in looping networks
70
What are the roles of smooth ER
It synthesizes phospholipids for cell membranes, and catalyzes reactions in carious organs of the body
71
Where is smooth ER found?
liver
testes
intestinal cells
skeletal and cardiac muscle
72
Define Golgi apparatus
It is stacked, flattened membranous sacs, proteins pass through to trans face, secretory vesicles leave the trans face
73
What is the function of Golgi apparatus?
It modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins
| Transports vessels from ER fuse to cis face
74
Define peroxisomes
Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalase
75
What is role of peroxisomes?
Detoxify harmful or toxic substances, and neutralize dangerous free radicals
76
Define lysosomes
They are spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
77
What are the roles of lysosomes?
- Digest ingested bacteria, viruses, and toxins
- Degrade nonfunctional organelles
- Breakdown non useful tissue
- Breakdown bone to release Ca2+
78
Where are secretory lysosomes found?
White blood cells
Immune cells
Melanocytes
79
What is the endosymbiont theory?
The mitochondria used to be a single cell that ended up getting into the host cell chloroplasts survived and works together
80
What are the characteristics of the nucleus?
- Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments that are rich in proteins
- Gene-containing control center of the cell
- Contains the genetic library for most cellular proteins
- Controls proteins synthesis
81
Define nuclear envelope
- Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores
- Encloses jellylike nucleoplasm
- Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER is studded with ribosomes
- Inner membrane in line with the nuclear lamina
- Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus
82
Define nucleolus
Dark-staining spheric bodies within the nucleus
| Site of ribosome production
83
Define cytoskeleton
The skeleton of the cell
| Consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
84
Define centrioles
Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus
Pinwheel array of non triplets of microtubules
85
What is the role of centrioles
- Organize mitotic spindle during mitosis
| - Form the bases of cilia and flagella
86
Define cilia
It is a whiplike, motile cellular extension on exposed surfaces of certain cells
Moves substances in one direction across cell surfaces
87
Define osteocyte
Bone cells
88
Define osteoblast
Cells that form the bones
89
Define osteoclast
Chews off the damaged bone tissue
90
Define osteoprogenitor
It is the maturing center of the born cell
91
Define osteoid
It is bone matrix that is made by collagen
92
Define periosteum
It contains osteoblasts that surrounds the bone
93
Explain endochondral ossification
1. Hyaline cartilage starts out
2. Cartilage start to calcify
3. A cavity of spongy bone and blood vessels start to form
3. Two more officiation centers attach to the top and bottoms of the bone
4. Cartilage surrounds the bone, there is now cartilage in between the plates of the bone
94
Define diaphysis
Elongated shaft of a long bone
95
Define epiphysis
End of a long bone
96
Define medullary cavity
The central cavity of a long bone. Contains yellow or red marrow
97
Define articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at moveable joints
98
Define periosteum
Double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone
99
Define blood vessels
Brings blood to the heart
100
Define spongy bone
Internal layer of skeletal bone
101
Where is cartilage found in your body now?
Bridge of nose
Parts of ribs
Joints
102
What is the role of epiphyseal plates?
They allow for growth during childhood
103
Define ostoeporosis
It is the result of declining bone mass
| The osteoclasts outperform osteoblasts
104
What are the risk factors of osteoporosis
Increased age and lower estrogen in women
105
Where are maxillary sinuses found?
Both sides of our cheeks
106
Where is the front sinus found?
Above our eyes
107
Where is our ethmoid sinus found
Around the nose
108
Where is the cribriform plate found
In the frontal bone
109
What is the purpose of the cribriform plate?
Has holes in it for the olfactory nerves to pass through
110
Where is the sella turcica?
The center of the skull
111
What is the role of the sella turcica?
Protects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
112
What is the role of the foramen magnum?
It is where the spinal cord enters the skull
113
Where is the maxilla
It is the top of the mouth
114
What are occipital condyles?
They are define bony elements that smooth
115
Where is the hyoid apparatus?
It is in the throat
116
What is the role of the hyoid?
It separates the larynx from the skull. It determines the range of sounds that we can speak
117
What are the fontanelles made up of?
Fibrous membrane
118
What is the role of the fontanelles?
Allows the skull to be compressed during birth
| Allows the brain to grow
119
What are the three sections of the vertebra
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
120
How many vertebra in the cervical area?
7
121
How many vertebra are in the thoracic area?
12
122
How many vertebra are in the lumbar area?
5
123
What is C1 called
Atlas
124
What is C2 called?
Axis
125
What is the pectoral shoulder girdle made up of?
1. The clavicle
| 2. The scapula
126
What is the role of the clavicle
It is a brace over the movement of the arm
127
What is the role of the scapula?
To help with muscle attachment
128
What bones make up the pelvis?
1. ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubic bone
129
What is the role of the pelvis ?
Protects reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and part of the large intestine
130
Define kinetic energy
Energy of motion
| Composed of mass and speed
131
How do you increase kinetic energy?
By increasing temperature
132
Define potential energy
It is stored energy
| It can be transformed into kinetic energy
133
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
| Energy can only change from one form to another
134
What is the second law of thermodynamics
Thermodynamics are continuously increasing
135
What is the free energy formula?
```
G= H - TS
G= energy available to do work
H= energy in a molecule's chemical bonds
T= absolute temperature
S= unavailable energy
```
136
Define endergonic reaction
It is more energy at the end of the reaction than there was at the beginning
Has to be supplied the energy
137
Define exergonic reaction
It releases free energy
| It is spontaneous
138
What are the four elements that make up 96% of our body?
1. Carbon
2. Oxygen
3. Hydrogen
4. Nitrogen
139
What is the valence shell and what is it made up of?
It is the outside of the nucleus
| It is made up of electrons
140
What is the nucleus made up of?
Protons and neutrons
141
What are isotopes?
A variation of an element
| Has the same number of protons but different amount of neurons
142
How many electrons can be in the first shell?
2 electrons
143
How many electrons can be in the second shell?
10 electrons
144
How many electrons can be in the third shell?
18 electrons
145
What is an ionic bond?
It is when the electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
146
What are ions
Charged particles
147
What are anions?
Negatively-charged ions
148
What are cations?
Positively charged ions
149
What are covalent bonds?
Sharing electrons
150
What are hydrogen bonds?
Provides attraction between molecules, hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of polar molecules
151
define synthesis
It is when atoms or molecules combine
152
Define decomposition
A molecule is broken down
| Energy is released
153
Define inorganic compounds
Compounds that do not contain carbon
154
What is the pH of acids?
They have a low pH
| An acidic/sour taste
155
What are examples of bases?
```
Baking soda
Sea water
Bleach
Blood
Semen
```
156
What are the pH levels for bases?
Above 7
157
What are examples of monosaccharide?
- Glucose
- Galactose
- Fructose
- Deoxyribose
- Ribose
158
What are examples of disaccharides?
- Sucrose = glucose and fructose
- Maltose= glucose and glucose
- Lactose= glucose and galactose
159
How many different amino acids are there?
20 protein amino acids
160
What is the role of protein?
Construction material for body tissues
Cell function
Acts as an enzyme, hormone, and antibody
161
What denatures a protein?
Heat
When pH levels change
When they lose the third level of amino acid chains
162
Define enzymes
Biological catalysts
163
What is the role of biological catalysts?
Speeds up the chemical reaction
