Lecture Exam 2 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
What are the function of ribs in amniotes
A
Supporting trunk muscles and lung ventilation
2
Q
Does “Agnatha”/ Jawless Fish have ribs
A
No
3
Q
What do ribs articulate with
A
The transverse process
4
Q
What is different about the ribs of “Chondrichthyes”
A
1 set of ribs that start at the vertebrae and end at horizontal septum
5
Q
What is the function of ribs in “Chondrichthyes”
A
Support hypaxial and epaxial muscles
6
Q
How many sets of ribs in Bony Fishes (Actinopterygii)
A
2 sets, one is dorsal one is ventral
7
Q
What are the ribs like in Bony Fishes(Actinopterygii)
A
Attached to myospeta of ventral body wall and support hypaxial muscles
8
Q
What are the ribs like in Seahorses
A
No ribs
9
Q
Describe the ribs in tetrapods
A
Are bicipital or having two heads which are the tuberculum (transverse process) and the capitulum (centrum)
10
Q
What are the ribs like in amphibians
A
Ribs are short and fused to transverse process
11
Q
Describe the parts of amniote ribs
A
Two parts, costal (next to vertebrae) and sternal (ventral & attach to sternum)
12
Q
What property can sternal ribs have in some amniotes
A
May be cartilagenous (costal cartilage)
13
Q
Describe the ribs in birds
A
bony sternal ribs, costal ribs most with uncinate process
14
Q
Description and function of uncinate process
A
backward projection of bone and braces trunk
15
Q
Describe the sterna in tetrapods
A
Made of endochondral bone and are poorly
16
Q
Function of sterna in tetrapods
A
Support pectoral girlde & ribs
17
Q
What is the sterna like in amphibia
A
Poorly developed for most but better developed in frogs + toads for shock absorption
18
Q
Describe sterna in amniotes
A
Well developed, use forelimbs in locomotion, absent in snakes
19
Q
Describe sterna in birds
A
keeled sternum, deep projection for flight muscle attachment
20
Q
What parts make up the cranial skeleton
A
neurocranium (braincase) and dermatocranium (dorsal root made from dermal bone)
21
Q
What parts make up the visceral skeleton (splanchnocranium)
A
Jaws and branchial arches
22
Q
What is the origin of the cranial and visceral craium
A
Originate as cartilage and replaced by endochondral bone (some exceptions)
23
Q
Describe the parts of the neurocranium in adult cyclostomes
A
Basal plate, sensory capsules, lacks root, remains as cartilage
24
Q
Describe the parts of the cartilagenous neurocranium in adult chondrichthyes
A
Chondrocranium and occiptal condyles which attach skull to vertebral column
25
What are the ossificatiomn centers in all bony vertebrates
1. Occipital
2. Sphenoid
3. Ethmoid
4. Otic (no dorsal replacement bone)
26
What are the properties of the occipital ossification center
Made up from bones around foramen magnum
In mammals fuses into occipital bone
Basioccipital separate in some species
27
Properties of sphenoid ossification center?
Located under midbrain, pre- & basisphenoid, fuses together into single sphenoid bone in some mammals
28
Properties of ethmoid ossification center?
Cartilagenous in tetrapods, used for olfaction and conserving heat & water
29
Properties of otic ossification center?
Several bones, lots of fusion into petrosal bone
30
What are roofing bones in dermatocranium?
Many paired bones in frontal(mid dorsal area), around orbit (jugal, and temporal region
31
What are the upper jaw bones in dermatocranium?
Tooth bearing maxilla and premaxilla
32
What are the primary palate bones in dermatocranium?
single parasphenoid and several paired bones (ex. palatine), covered by secondary palate in later tetrapods
33
What are the opercular bones in dermatocranium?
1.Used to cover, protect, and ventilate gills
2. Made up from opercular & pre-,sub,and inter- operculars
3. Absent in tetrapods
34
Describe the neuro-dermatocranium complex in bony fishes
1. Laterally compressed to streamline water movement
2. Fully ossified neurocranium except in olfactory capsule
35
Describe the neuro-dermatocranium complex in amphibs
1. Dorso-ventrally flattened
2. some cartilage
3. Dematocranium
--> otic capsule exposed, large temporal fenestrae, and bones of orbit & temp. region lost
36
Why is the neuro-dermatocranium complex modified in frogs and toads
can retract eyes into oral cavity for food processing
37
Describe the neuro-dermatocranium in amniotes
1. ossified with major development in temporal fenestrae and secondary palate in some
38
Describe the neuro-dermatocranium in turtles
Loss of dermal bone at posterior
39
Function of emrginated posterior in turtles
1. increase surface area for jaw muscles
2. space for bigger jaw muscles
3. Allows for reorientation of ja muscles to improve jaw range of motion
40
Describe the properties of a synapsid skull
1. one fensetral lateral temporal opening
2. creates lower border = zygomatic arch
41
Describe the properties of a diapsid skull
1. Infratemporal & supratemporal fenestrae
2. Creates the lower arch (zygomatic) and upper arch (supratemporal)
42
Describe the temporal fenestrae in squamates and birds
1. 1 or 2 arches lost secondarily for increase flexibility
43
What is the cranial kinesis in squamates and birds
1. Independent movement for one part of skull when compared to rest of skull
2. increases feeding opprtunites allowing consumption of larger prey
44
Describe snake skulls & feeding
1. Lower jaw spreads laterally
2. two sides move independently
45
Describe eating & breathing in relation to the skull in snakes
Trachea can move out to the mouth to breath
46
Describe neuro-dermatocranium secondary palate in amniotes
1. divides oral cavity into nasal and oral passages
2. Groups that have complete secondary palates are crocodiles and mammals
47
What are the properties of the secondary palate
1. Completely bone in crocs
2. Caudal part is fleshy in mammals
3. used for eating and breathing simultaneously
48
Describe neuro-dermatocranium in mammals?
1. incomplete in infants
2. Creates fontanels (membranous spots between dermal bones
49
What is the function of fontanels
allow skull to have enough flexibility to fit through birth canal
50
Describe the visceral skeleton in cyclostomes
Made up of
1. Branchial basket (catilage)
2. lingual cartilage
3. labial cartilage (supports bucal funnel)
51
Describe the properties of the shark splanchnocranium
1. 7 arches (3-7 are support gills and branchial arches)
2. Arches 1 and 2 modified for feeding
--> 1 is mandibular arch (paltoquadrate and meckel cartilage) 2 is hyoid arch
52
What is holostylic jaw suspension
Palatoquadrate fimly attached to neurocranium
53
What is amphyistylic jaw suspension
1. joint for the palotoquadrate, meckels cartilage, and hyomadibula.
2. palatoq. and hyom. braced against neurocranium with little mobility
54
What is hyostylic aw suspension
1. joint for the palotoquadrate, meckels cartilage, and hyomadibula.
2. Only hyom. braced against cranium
3. Has increased upper aw mobility
55
Describe the properties of bony fish jaws
1. Ensheathed by dermal bones.
2. posterior ends replaced by endochondral bones
3. Jaw joint for the palotoquadrate, meckels cartilage, and hyomadibula
56
Describe the properties of Hyoid & branchial arches in bony fish
Ossify with endochondral bone and hyoid has a few additional elements
57
Describe how upper jaw protrusion is beneficial in fish as well as its properties
1. Leverage from the mandible and maxilla pushes out the mobile premaxilla.
2. Operculum spreads laterally
--> increases volume of buccal cavity by creating suction
58
Describe the properties of the lower jaw in tetrapods
1. more dermal bones in early tetrapods
2. cartilage remains only in crocs & turtles
3. Same jaw joint without hyomandibula
59
Describe the terapod hyomandibula
1. Ossified to become columella
--> middle ear bone or stapes
60
What are the modifications to the mammal jaw
1. Tetrapods --> articular-quadrate hinge
2. Mammals --> dentary expands (helps with chewing)
3. bones separate to increase hearing ability
61
What do the post dentary bones become in the mammal jaw
Middle ear bones
1. hyomandibula --> stapes
2. quadrate --> incus
3. articular --> malleus
62
Describe the properties of the hyoid & branchial arches
1. highly modfied
2. most support tongue or become larynx (voicebox) in mammals
3. Alisphenoid comes form palatoq. cartilage
63
What is the appendicular skeleton
1. fins, limbs, & girdles
2. lacking in snakes, caecilians, and cyclostomes
64
What is the pectoral girdle
1. paired elements
2. fins articulate w/scapula across the glenoid surface
65
What are the new dermal bones in the appendicular skeleton
1. posttemporal, cleithrum bones, clavicles
2. Posttemporal articulates with skull
3. clavicles braced together
66
What are changes to the appendicular in derived fishes
1. lose clavicle (cleithrum is the main brace)
2. gain scapulocoracoid
67
What is the bone composition like in the pectoral girdle?
1. fish --> endochondral + dermal bone
2. tetrapods --> mainly endochondral
68
Describe the properties of the pectoral girdletetrapods
1. lose posttemporal and skull connection
2. gain interclavicle (remains only in birds and crocs)
69
Describe the properties of the pectoral girdle in primitive tetrapods
1. clavicle and/or coracoid --> sternum
2. no direct dorsal bracing
70
Describe the properties of the pectoral girdle in amphibs
1. gain suprascapular bone
2. gain clavicle (lacking in some)
71
Describe the properties of the pectoral girdlein sauropsids
1. most lost clavicles and have coracoid as main brace (excludes birds)
2. In birds clavicles fuse into furculum (wish bone) to provide surface area for flight muscle attachment
72
Describe the properties of the pectoral girdle in primitive mammals
monotremes retain basic tetrapod design
73
Describe the properties of the pectoral girdle in placental mammals
1. coracoid lost in most
2. scapula well developed
3. clavicle rarely reduced
--> reduced in some carnivores for higher flexibility and stride length
74
Describe the properties of the pelvic girdle in fishes
1. cartilage or endochondral bone
2. pair of ischiopubic plates
3. not connected to vertebrae
75
Describe the properties of the pelvic girdle in tetrapods
1. plates ossify into ilium, ischium, and pubis
2. meet at ventral symphisis (joint of immovable cartilage)
3. pelvic cavity allows urogential and digestive systems to pass through
76
List the variations in the properties of the pelvic gridle in salamanders
weak with broad pubic plate
77
List the variations in the properties of the pelvic gridle in frogs and toads
more devloped for jumping and have urostyle
78
List the variations in the properties of the pelvic gridle in reptiles
more robust have triradiate design (pubis and ischium move apart)
79
List the variations in the properties of the pelvic gridle in birds
pubis and ischium parallel and caudally oriented and fuse with vertebrae to make synsacrum
80
Describe the properties of the pelvic girdle in birds
pubic bones apart ventrally and do not meet to lay large eggs
81
Describe the properties of the pelvic girdle in mammals
1. most robust due to higher weight
2. bones fuse into os coxa
--> primitive mammals retain epipubic bone
3. ox - coxae fuses to sacrum to increase strength
82
What modifications are made to the female pelvis in mammals
1. wider vertebral canal
2. wider hips overall
3. pubic symphysis expands for birth due to the hormone relaxin
83
What are the functions of each fin type
1. paired = steering and braking
2. median = maintain upright position and prevent rolling
3. caudal = thrust
84
Describe the basic structure of fins
1. skin stiffened by rays
2. bony dermal scales
3. long keratin based rays
85
Describe the skeleton of the fin
1. cartilage and bone elements
2. row basalia
3. row radalia
--> except caudal fins
86
Describe the paired fin types in chondrichthyes
1. fin folds
2. broad with 2-3 basals
87
Describe the paired fin types in actinopterygii
1. skeleton reduced for increased flexibility
88
Describe the paired fin types in sarcopterygii
1. proximal muscular lobe
2. central axis
-->basal
3. 2 series of radials
89
Describe the properties of the heterocercal caudal fin
1. strongly assymetrical
2. ventral lobe generates upward thrust
3. used in sharks due to no swim bladder to maintain buoyancy
90
Describe the properties in diphycercal caudal fins
1.notocord and vertebrae short
2. found in sarcpoterygia
91
Describe the properties of the homocercal fin
1. notocord long and dorsal
2. found in actinopterygii
92
Describe the evolution of tetrapod limbs
1. humerus originates from basal
2. radius originates from pre-axial radials
3. ulna originates from post-axial radials
4. other radials form digits
93
What are the terms used to describe tetrapod limb structure
1. propodium = upper arm/thigh
2. epipodim = forearm/shank
3. autopodium = wrist or ankle to digits
94
What are the properties of the manus in reptiles and mammals
1. 5 digits for most
2. reduced carpals
3. reduced digits for specialized locomotion in snakes
4. reduced to 3 digits for birds for flight
95
What are the properties of the pes
1. similar to manus
2. tarsal, metatarsals, and phlanges
3. lizards and birds have 4 digits
4. 5 digits in most
96
Pes variation in reptiles in birds
1. reduced tarsal
2. intratarsal joint
3. flexibility for bipedal locomotion
97
What are the properties of the pes & manus in mammals in relation to contact to substrate
1. plantigrade: wrist/ankle and digits touching subtrate
2. Digitigrade: digits touching substrate only
3. Ungulagrade: only digit tips touching
98
What are ungulate modifications to the manus/pes
1. reduced digits to increase strength or reduced mass
2. elongate metacarpals and meta tarsals to increase stride length
99
What are the two general categories of muscles
1. somatic = striated and voluntary
2. visceral = smooth or cardiac both involuntary
100
What are the main parts of a muscle
1. attachment = part that moves during contraction
2. origin = part that remains stationary
3. belly = body of muscle
101
Describe the properties of axial muscle in fishes
1. strong segmentation
2. locomotion thru lateral undulation of caudal fin
102
Describe the properties of axial muscle in aquatic salamanders
1. retain strong segmentation and use tail/caudal fin for locomotion
103
Describe the properties of axial muscle in amniotes
1. lost most segmentation
2. increase in dorso-ventral flexibility
104
Describe the function of epaxial muscle in tetrapods
straightening the vert. column & lateral flexion
105
Describe the function of intervertebrals muscle in tetrapods
1. deep & retain segmentation
2. connect vertebrae between processes
3. main posture
106
Describe the function of longissimus muscle in tetrapods
1. lateral to transverse processes
2. dominant extensor in mammals
3. assist in head movement
107
Describe the function of spinales muscle in tetrapods
1. medial to transverse processes
2. assit in head movement
3. combine w/ intervertebrals to stabilize vert. column
108
Describe the function of iliocostales muscle in tetrapods
1. lateral to longissimus
2. allow lateral undulation
109
Describe the function of subvertebral muscle in tetrapods
1. flex vertebral column especially neck and lumbar
110
Describe the function of oblique and transverse muscle in tetrapods
1. lung ventilation
2. muscular sling for viscera
3. muscles reduced in turtles
4. used for pooping/childbirth
111
Describe the function of rectus abdominis muscle in tetrapods
1. flexes trunk
2. sling for viscera
112
Describe the function of hypobranchials muscle in fish
1. movement of the jaw muscles and gill arches
113
Describe the function of hypobranchials muscle in amphibs
1. has the same functions as fish
2. extra muscles to operate tongue
114
Describe the function of hypaxial muscle in amniotes
1. swallowing and moving tongue
2. internal tongue muscle lingualis used for communication in mammals
115
What are extrinsic muscles
1. arise from axial skeleton
2. insert on girdle or limb
116
What are intrinsic muscles
1. arise on girdle or limb
2. insert distally on limb
117
What are dorsals muscle groups
1. most from fish extensors
2. abduct and extend limb
118
What are ventrals muscles groups
1. most form fish flexors
2. adduct limbs & distal parts (move limbs backwards)
119
What is the function of the lattisimus dorsi
retracts forelimb (largest in mammals)
120
What is the function of the trapezius
1. originates from cucullaris
2. adducts and retracts shoulder
121
What are the functions of levators, rhomboideus, and serratus ventralis
support and/or adduct scapula
122
What are the functions of the pectoralis and supracarocoideus
1.adducts forelimb
2. used for flight in birds
123
What are the functions of the deltoids, scapulohumeralis, and subscapularis
rotate or adduct humerus
124
What are the functions of the teres major and minor
retract and rotate humerus
125
What are the functions of the coracobrachialis
adduct forelimb
126
What are the functions of the caudofemoralis muscle
1. retracts hindlimb
2. reduced in most mammals
127
What are the functions of the spinatus muscle
protact and rotate humerus
128
What are the functions of the Illiacus and psoas major
protract and rotate femur
129
What are the functions of the gluteus, pyriformis, gemelli
abduct thigh and rotate femur
130
What are the functions of the quadriceps muscles
extend shank & adduct thigh
131
What are the functions of the hamstrings
flex shank
132
What are the functions of the gracilis
adducts and retracts hindlimb
133
What are the functions of the levator palatoquadrate and spiracularis
raises upper jaw
134
What are the functions of the adductor mandibulae
closes lower jaw
135
What are the functions of the intermadibularis
elevates pharynx
136
