Lecture Exam 2

Question 1

Basic life cycle of a digenetic trematode

Answer 1

1. Egg
2. Miracidium
3. Sporocyst
4. Redia
5. Cercaria
6. Metacercaria

Question 2

Types of pseudopodia

Answer 2

1. Lobopodia
2. Filopodia
3. Rhizopodia
4. Reticulopodia
5. Axopodia

Question 3

Lobopodia

Answer 3

Large blunt tipped extensions of the cell body with both endoplasm and ectoplasm

Question 4

Filopodia

Answer 4

Thin and sharp pointed extensions of branching ectoplasm only

Question 5

Rhizopodia

Answer 5

Branched filaments only

Question 6

Reticulopodia

Answer 6

Branched filaments that merge into net like structures

Question 7

Axopodia

Answer 7

Long, thin, and pointed pseudopodia supported by axial rods of micro tubules that form an axoneme

Question 8

How do members of the class Cestoda acquire nutrients?

Answer 8

Absorb through their tegument

Question 9

What is the first intermediate host of a digenetic trematode (usually)?

Answer 9

Mollusk

Question 10

Members of the phylum Rotifera have some unique capabilities. For instance they are extremely hardy organisms able to withstand long periods of ——— whereby they can be rescued afterwards.

Answer 10

Dryness (desiccation)

Question 11

How might one become infected with the beef tapeworm Taenia saginata?

Answer 11

By eating raw or undercooked beef

Question 12

Match the class of Cnidaria with its characteristic organisms.

1. Fire corals
2. True jellyfishes
3. Portuguese man of war
4. Stony coral, soft corals, sea anemones
5. Box jellyfishes

Answer 12

1. Hydrozoa
2. Scyphozoa
3. Hydrozoa
4. Anthozoa
5. Cubozoa

Question 13

Hydromedusae differ from scyphomedusae by the presence of ——

Answer 13

Velum

Question 14

Match the type of cnidarian cell with its description

1. Form most of the epidermal covering and for muscular contraction
2. Secrete the adhesive substances
3. Have a flagellum for chemical and tactile stimuli
4. Undifferentiated stem cells

Answer 14

1. Epitheliomuscular cells
2. Gland cells
3. Sensory cells
4. Interstitial cells

Question 15

All of the following are characteristics of protozoans except

1. 3 germ layers
2. True reflexes
3. Require moisture
4. Protoplasmic
5. All of the above are characteristics of protozoans

Answer 15

1. 3 germ layers

Question 16

True or false: protozoans can only replicate asexually. Sexual reproduction evolved with multicellular organisms

Answer 16

False

Question 17

Plasmodium sp. is the causative agent for the disease ——

Answer 17

Malaria

Question 18

There are four main species of plasmodium that infect humans with each having different clinical symptoms. Plasmodium ____ has a fever that occurs about ever 48 hours and is the most common and most fatal type of Plasmodium.

Answer 18

Falciparum

Question 19

All four species of malaria are carried by a mosquito in the Genus ____

Answer 19

Anopheles

Question 20

Types of malaria and symptoms

Answer 20

1. Plasmodium vivax (benign tertian): episodes of chills and fever every 48 hours
2. Plasmodium ovalae: episodes of chills and fever ever 48 hours
3. Plasmodium malariae (quartan): every 72 hours
4. Plasmodium falciparum (malignant tertian): about every 48 hours, most common (50% of all malaria) and the most fatal leading to cerebral malaria

Question 21

Mollusc classes

Answer 21

1. Caudofoveata
2. Solenogastres
3. Polyplacophora
4. Monoplacophora
5. Gastropoda
6. Bivalvia
7. Scaphopoda
8. Cephalopodia

Question 22

Ontogenetic torsion

Answer 22

• Torsion is developmental process that changes the relative position of the shell, digestive tract and anus, nerves that lie on both sides of the digestive tract and the mantle cavity containing the gills.
• contraction of asymmetrical foot retractor muscle pulls shell and viscera 90 degrees counterclockwise relative to head region
• moves anus from posterior to the right side of the body

Question 23

Sponge body types

Answer 23

1. Asconoid
2. Syconoid
3. Leuconoid

Question 24

Asconoid (sponge body type)

Answer 24

• simplest body organization
• small and tube shaped to allow water to flow directly across cells so no dead space
• choanocytes are in a large internal chamber the spongocoel
• choanocyte flagella pull water through the pores and extract food particles
• used water is expelled through a large single osculum
• all Asconoids are in class calcispongiae

Question 25

Syconoid (sponge body type)

Answer 25

- resemble asconoids but larger with a thicker more complex body wall - body wall is folded outwards with choanocytes lined radial canals that empty into spongocoel - water enters through dermal ostia and move through tiny openings (prosopyles) into the radial canals - food is ingested by choanocytes and used water is pumped through internal pores called apopyles then outwards via osculum - spongocoel is lined with epithelial cells rather than choanocytes as in asconoids

Question 26

Leuconoid (sponge body type)

Answer 26

- most complex and largest with more food collecting regions - these regions have choanocytes lining in small chambers that effectively filter all water present - clusters of flagellated chambers are filled from incurrent canals and discharge to excurrent canals which lead to osculum - after food is removed used water is pooled to form an exit stream that leaves through and exit pore at very high velocity - this high rate of exit flow prevents the sponge from refiltering used water and wastes - most sponges are leuconoid types

Question 27

Sponge classes

Answer 27

1. Calcispongiae 2. Hexactinellida 3. Demospongiae 4. Homoscleromorpha

Question 28

Spicules

Answer 28

One of the minute calcareous or siliceous skeletal bodies found in sponges, radiolarians, soft corals, and sea cucumbers. (Support structures)

Question 29

Flame cells

Answer 29

A flame cell is cup-shaped with a tuft of flagella extending from the inner face of the cup

Question 30

Platyhelminthes classes

Answer 30

1. Turbellaria 2. Trematoda 3. Monogenea 4. Cestoda

Question 31

Zooxanthellae

Answer 31

dinoflagellates that live in mutualistic association in tissues of certain invertebrates, including sea anemones, horny and stony corals, and clams.

Question 32

Protostome clades

Answer 32

1. Ecdysozoa: posses a cuticle that is molted as their bodies grow 2. Lophotrochozoa: share either a horse shoe shaped feeding structure the lophophore or have unique larval form called the trochophore

Question 33

Acoelomate

Answer 33

Without a coelom, as in flatworms and proboscis worms.

Question 34

Contractile vacuole

Answer 34

A clear fluid-filled cell vacuole in unicellular eukaryotes and a few animals; collects water and releases it to the outside in a cyclical manner, for osmoregulation and some excretion.