Lecture exam 2 (Anaerobic glycolysis)

Question 1

What is anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 1

breakdown of sugar (glucose) with out oxygen in environment (oxygen can be present0

Question 2

where does glucose come from for anaerobic glycolysis

Answer 2

blood circulation and glycogen stored in the muscle

Question 3

anaerobic glycolysis is the primary energy form in activities that last this long

Answer 3

20-30 sec to 2-3 min

Question 4

intermediate =

Answer 4

reactant or product in a metabolic pathway

Question 5

first and last intermediate of anaerobic glycolysis in an anaerobic environment

Answer 5

glucose

lactate

Question 6

glucose in the blood comes from here

Answer 6

glycogen stores in the liver

foods we eat

Question 7

ATP produced in anaerobic glycolysis is used for this

Answer 7

crossbridge recharging

Question 8

step 1: How does glucose get into the cell

Answer 8

glucose enters cell facilitated by the pancreatic hormone insulin

Question 9

step 1:When glucose enters the cell this immediately happens, and results in

Answer 9

glucose is phosphorylated by HK (hexokinase)

glucose-6-phosphate

Question 10

step 1: What are two important points of this step when glucose come from outside the cell

Answer 10

costs 1 ATP to initially phosphorylate glucose

once phosphorylated the 6 carbons are restricted to the cell

Question 11

step 1: Glucose can come from glycogen in the cell that has been acted on by this enzyme

Answer 11

phosphorylase

Question 12

step 1: what are two important points of this step when glucose come from inside the cell

Answer 12

does not require atp when substrate is glucose

once phosphorylated the 6 carbons are restricted to the cell

Question 13

step 1: final intermediate

Answer 13

glucose-6-phosphate

Question 14

step 2: what happens (isomerase)

Answer 14

glucose-6-phosphate is acted on by an isomerase to produce fructose-6-phosphate

Question 15

step 3: what happens (PFK)

Answer 15

fructose-6-phosphate is acted on by PFK (phosphofructokinase) to produce fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP

Question 16

Step 3: Two important aspects of this step

Answer 16

This step uses 1 ATP

PFK is the rate limiting step of glycolysis (lowest urnover rate in the pathway)

Question 17

NAD is a derivative of this vitamin

Answer 17

B3

Question 18

step 4: what happens (Aldolase)

Answer 18

fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is acted on by the enzyme aldolase to produce 2, 3 carbon compounds

Question 19

step 4: what are the 2, 3 carbon compound intermediates of this step

Answer 19

DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate)

G-3-P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

Question 20

step 4: this is acted on by this to produce a second molecule of this

Answer 20

DHAP is converted by an isomerase to produce a second molecule of G-3-P

Question 21

Step 5: what happens (G3PDH)

Answer 21

G-3-P is acted on by glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to produce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH+H+

Question 22

step 5: this type of reaction occurs at this step

Answer 22

oxidation-reduction reaction

Question 23

oxidation-reduction is this type of reaction

Answer 23

coupled reaction

Question 24

When something is reduced you do this

Answer 24

add H+

Question 25

When something is oxidized you do this

Answer 25

remove H+

Question 26

step 5: G-3-P is oxidized or reduced in this reaction

Answer 26

gives up 2 hydrogen and is thus oxidized

Question 27

step 5: NAD is oxidized or reduced in this reaction

Answer 27

gains hydrogen and is reduced to NADH+H+

Question 28

Easy way to remember names of enzymes in redox reactions

Answer 28

name of the reactant + dehydrogenase

Question 29

step 6: what happens (PGK)

Answer 29

1-3, bisphosphoglycerate acted on by PGK (phosphoglycerate kinase) to produce 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP (from ADP)

Question 30

gross

Answer 30

gained

Question 31

net

Answer 31

gained - used

Question 32

step 7: what happens (mutase)

Answer 32

3-phosphoglycerate acted on by a mutase to produce 2-phosphoglycerate

Question 33

step 8: what happens (enolase)

Answer 33

2-phosphoglycerate acted on by enolase to produce phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

Question 34

Step 9: what happens (PK)

Answer 34

PEP acted on by PK (pyruvate kinase) to produce pyruvate and ATP from ADP

Question 35

Net ATP from 1 glucose (blood) makes this much ATP

Answer 35

2

Question 36

Gross ATP from 1 glucose (blood) makes

Answer 36

4

Question 37

Step 10a: what happens (LDH)

Answer 37

anaerobic cellular environment, pyruvate is reduced to form lactate by the enzyme LDH (lactate dehydrogenase)

Question 38

Step 10a: what happens to NADH+H+ (LDH)

Answer 38

NADH+H+ is oxidized to NAD

Question 39

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell

Answer 39

sarcoplasma

Question 40

Step 10b: what happens (AT)

Answer 40

pyruvate is converted to alanine by alanine transaminase

Question 41

Step 10b: why does the cell form alanine

Answer 41

alanine can leave the cell and is deaminated in the liver. It can now reform glucose in the liver and re-enter circulation

Question 42

Glucose-alanine-glucose cycle

Answer 42

glucose can be used in cell, converted to alanine, which can then be converted back to glucose

Question 43

What is the draw back of the glucose-alanine-glucose cycle

Answer 43

pyruvate converted to alanine cannot be converted to lactate which inhibits ATP production

Question 44

How much lactate or alanine is produced is dependent on this

Answer 44

law of mass action

Question 45

T/F: exercise has no effect on alanine transaminase concentration

Answer 45

F, exercise increases

Question 46

Step 10c: pyruvate can be converted to acetyl-CoA with this enzyme

Answer 46

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

Question 47

Step 10c: When pyruvate is acted on by PDH to make acetyl-CoA these two things are formed

Answer 47

NAD is reduced two NADH+H+

CO2 is released

Question 48

Step 10d: pyruvate can be converted to oxaloacetate by this enzyme

Answer 48

Pyruvate carboxylase

Question 49

Step 10d: when pyruvate is acted on by PC to form oxaloacetate these two things occur

Answer 49

ADP from ATP

CO2 is picked up