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A&P 224 > Lecture exam #2 chapter 22 > Flashcards

Lecture exam #2 chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the lymphatic system NOT?

A

an immune system

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2
Q

what is the lymphatic system if not an immune system?

A

it’s the other vascular system we have

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3
Q

what is the major function of the lymphatic system?

A

to return lost fluid back to the blood stream

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4
Q

what are 2 minor functions of the lymphatic system?

A

1) “one site for immunity”

2) lipid absorption

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5
Q

what does hydrostatic pressure do?

A

pushes fluid out

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6
Q

what is the osmotic pressure?

A

concentration of a fluid pulling fluid in

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7
Q

what is a consequence of all capillaries leaking?

A

we end up losing fluid

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8
Q

about how much fluid do we lose?

A

about 10-15%

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9
Q

where is the lost fluid?

A

out side the cell

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10
Q

what exactly is the lymphatic system?

A

a system of vessels that takes the 10-15% of lost fluid and gets it back to your blood stream

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11
Q

what is interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid)

A

fluid in between tissues

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12
Q

what is the fluid called once it goes into the lymphatic vessel?

A

lymph

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13
Q

what are some characteristics about lymphatic capillaries? (5) (NOHHS)

A

1) not continous
2) overlapping
3) have a dead end (no circuit)
4) have valves
5) structure is similar to veins (thinner walled)

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14
Q

what do valves tell us about lymphatic capillaries?

A

that the fluid doesn’t move fast at all

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15
Q

how does lymph move without a pumping organ?

A

it uses muscular thoracic (respiratory) pumps

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16
Q

how does the lymphatic system use muscular pumps?

A

contraction of muscular vessels that pushes forward (valves)

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17
Q

what does the thoracic (respiratory) pumps help with?

A

move blood in the thorax

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18
Q

how does fluid change from starting in the capillaries

A

it goes from blood plasma to interstitial fluid to lymph

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19
Q

where are lymph nodes?

A

where the head meets the torso

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20
Q

what does lymph need to go through?

A

nodes

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21
Q

about how many lymph nodes do we have?

A

an avg. of 500-600

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22
Q

what are lymph nodes filled with?

A

reticular connective tissue

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23
Q

what does the reticular connective tissue that lymph nodes are filled with do?

A

forces fluids to slow down when entering the node

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24
Q

what is true of fluid entering the lymph nodes?

A

there’s more ways in than out

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25
what are lymph nodes known as?
an "immunilogical checkpoint"
26
what do lymph nodes check for?
viruses and disease "one site for immunity"
27
what can help find a virus?
removing a lymph node
28
how does the fluid lost at the capillary beds return to the circulatory system?
through lymphatic ducts
29
what are the two ducts that fluid returns to the circulatory system through?
1) thoracic duct (biggest lymphatic vessel) | 2) Rt. lymphatic duct
30
what is true of the lymphatic ducts?
they're assymetrical and attach to veins
31
what are lymphatic organs?
lymph nodes
32
what 2 examples of lymphatic organs?
tonsils and spleen
33
what is immunity?
not a system, a systemic physiological process that protects us from pathogens
34
what are some examples of pathogens? (BVPPAO) (6)
1) bacteria 2) viruses 3) protozoa 4) parasites/worms 5) abnormal self-cells 6) other
35
what is the order that the fluid from blood capillaries move in? (2) (TL)
1) tissues | 2) lymphatic capillaries to form lymph
36
what does the overlap of epithelial cells of the lymphatic capillary allow fluid to do but also prevents?
enter but prevents it from moving back into the tissues
37
what do the valves located farther along in lymphatic vessels also ensure?
one-way flow of lymph
38
what does the lymphatic system include? (LLLLLTST) (8)
1) lymph 2) lymphatic vessels 3) lymphatic tissues 4) lymphatic nodules 5) lymph nodes 6) tonsils 7) spleen 8) thymus
39
what do the lymph nodes include? (3) (AIC)
1) axillary lymph node 2) inguinal lymph node 3) cervical lymph node
40
as lymph moves through the sinuses what happens?
phagocytic cells remove foreign substances
41
what are the germinal centers sites of?
lymphocyte production
42
what do we call the fluid moving into the lymph node?
afferent
43
what do we call the fluid moving out of the lymph node?
efferent
44
what diseases fall under the pathogen, bacteria? (4) (TSVC)
1) TB 2) staph 3) vibrio 4) Clostridium
45
what is a characteristic of bacteria?
rapid rate of reproduction
46
what diseases fall under the pathogen, viruses? (5) (IHHRE)
1) influenza 2) HIV 3) hepatitis 4) rabies 5) Ebola
47
can viruses kill you?
usually it is a secondary disease caused by the virus that leads to death
48
what falls under the pathogen, protozoa? (2) (PT)
1) plasmodium | 2) trypanasoma
49
what falls under the pathogen, parasites/worms? (5) (AWPHH)
1) ascaris 2) wicherreria (plugs up lymphatic vessels) 3) pinworm 4) hookworm 5) hydatidworm
50
what falls under the pathogen, abnormal self-cells? (2) (CA)
1) cancers | 2) autoimmune
51
what is a characteristic of the pathogen, abnormal self-cells?
when your own cells become pathogens
52
what falls under the pathogen, other category? (3) (CRP)
1) chems 2) radiation (xrays, gamma rays etc.) 3) prions
53
what are the 2 types of immunity we have?
1) non-specific immunity (innate) | 2) specific immunity (adaptive)
54
what does non-specific immunity work against?
a variety of pathogens
55
what does non-specific immunity NOT improve with?
repeated exposure (same everytime regardless of age)
56
what does specific immunity only work on?
specific pathogens (antigens specific)
57
what does specific immunity improve with?
repeated exposure (chicken pox)
58
what are some non-specific immune defenses? (8) (SPICNPIF)
1) species resistance 2) physical barriers 3) interferons 4) complement system 5) NK cells 6) phagocytic cells 7) inflammation 8) fever
59
how does specifies resistance prevent pathogens?
by being a species resistant to the pathogen
60
what are some examples of physical barriers? (3) (SCE)
1) secretions (mucus) 2) cilia 3) earwax
61
what does physical barriers do?
keep things out
62
a group of up to 200 proteins made by virally infected cells or some macrophages
interferons
63
what can/may interferons block?
viral reproductions at ribosomes
64
what do infected cells spit out inteferons for?
to help other cells
65
does interferons help the infected cell?
no
66
what is true of the compliment system?
it's non-specific and can stick to some pathogens and not others
67
what are the two pathways of the compliment cascade?
1) classical pathway | 2) alternative pathway
68
about how many C-proteins are in the compliment cascade?
9-11
69
what are the C-proteins made by?
the liver
70
what doe the classical pathway start with?
C1
71
what does the classical pathway have that the alternative pathway does NOT?
antibodies
72
what does the alternative pathway start with?
C3
73
when does the classical pathway begin?
when an antigen-antibody complex binds to C1
74
what does the C1 antigen-antibody complex of the classical pathway activate?
C4
75
what does activated C4 form in the classical pathway?
a complex with C2 that activates C3
76
when does the alternative pathway begin?
when C3 is spontaneously activated
77
what stabalized activated C3 i nthe alternative pathway?
foreign substances and factors B, D and P
78
what is true once C3 is activated?
the classical and alternative pathways are the same
79
what occurs after C3 is activated?
C3 activats C5, C5 activates C6 which activates C7 which activates C8 which activates C9
80
what does activated C3-7 promote? (3) (PIC)
1) phagocytosis 2) inflammation 3) chemotaxis (attracts cells)
81
what do activated C5-C9 combine to form?
a membrane attack complex (MAC)
82
what does a MAC form?
a channel through the plasma membrane
83
what happens at the end of the compliment cascade?
either a MAC or "Mark" pathogen
84
if a compliment protein can't punch a whole what might it do?
just stick to the pathogen (Mark)
85
when a pathogen is set up to be killed by something else such as a monocyte
opsonization
86
what does MAC or "Mark" depend on?
the pathogen
87
what is the 3rd pathway?
the Lectin pathway
88
what is the Lectin pathway another method for?
to start the alternative pathway
89
how does the Lectin pathway work?
the liver will make protein lectin in response to phagocytosis by macrophage killing something, lectin then sticks to other pathogens like the one killed
90
what sticks to lectin?
C3
91
how much of lymphocytes does NK cells take up?
15%
92
what can NK cells do?
can recognize and destroy some cancer cells and some virally infected cells
93
how does NK cells recognize and destroy cells?
by spitting perforin on them
94
what does inflammation begin with?
tissue damage
95
what does inflammation NOT require?
presence of a pathogen
96
how are basophils and mast cells basically the same thing?
they spit out histamine

A&P 224 (25 decks)

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