Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
What does ‘radi/o’ refer to?
A
radiation (ray)
2
Q
What does the suffix –dipsia mean?
A
thirst
3
Q
What does the suffix –tropic mean?
A
pertaining to stimulating
4
Q
What does the suffix –tropin mean?
A
to stimulate
5
Q
What are the two types of pancreatic functions?
A
Endocrine (hormones) and exocrine (digestive enzymes)
6
Q
What does insulin do?
A
Lowers blood sugar by helping cells take in glucose
7
Q
What does glucagon do?
A
Raises blood sugar by signaling the liver to release glucose
8
Q
Where are the parathyroid glands located?
A
On the back (dorsal) surface of the thyroid gland
9
Q
What hormone do the parathyroids secrete and what does it do?
A
PTH (parathyroid hormone); increases blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown
10
Q
What hormone does the pineal gland secrete?
A
melatonin
11
Q
What does melatonin do?
A
Helps regulate the circadian rhythm (sleep-wake cycle)
12
Q
Where is the pituitary gland located and why is it called the “master gland”?
A
Beneath the brain; it controls many other endocrine glands
13
Q
What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?
A
anterior and posterior
14
Q
What does prolactin (PRL) do?
A
stimulates milk production after childbirth
15
Q
What is the role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
A
Helps develop sex cells in both genders and promotes estrogen secretion in females
16
Q
What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH)?
A
Triggers sex hormone secretion in both genders and ovulation in females
17
Q
What does melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) do?
A
Stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin (pigment)
18
Q
What does antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do?
A
Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys
19
Q
What is the role of oxytocin?
A
Stimulates uterine contractions and milk release after childbirth
20
Q
Where are the testes located and what do they produce?
A
In the male scrotum; they produce sperm and testosterone
21
Q
What are two roles of testosterone?
A
Development of male secondary sex characteristics and regulation of sperm production
22
Q
What dual roles does the thymus play?
A
Endocrine (secretes thymosin) and immune (develops newborn immunity)
23
Q
What happens to the thymus after puberty?
A
It shrinks and is replaced with connective and fat tissue
24
Q
Where is the thyroid located and what is its shape?
A
On either side of the trachea; butterfly-shaped
25
On either side of the trachea; butterfly-shaped
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
26
What mineral is required to make thyroid hormones?
iodine
27
What is the function of calcitonin?
Lowers blood calcium by stimulating bone formation
28
What does 'chem/o' mean?
drug
29
What does 'cortic/o' mean?
Outer layer (especially of organs or glands)
30
What does 'crin/o' mean?
to secrete
31
What does 'cyt/o' mean?
cell
32
What does 'glycos/o' mean?
sugar
33
What does 'gynec/o' mean?
female
34
What does 'immun/o' mean?
protection
35
What does 'lapar/o' mean?
abdomen
36
What does 'lob/o' mean?
lobe
37
What does 'mast/o' mean?
breast
38
What does 'neur/o' mean?
nerve
39
What does 'ophthalm/o' mean?
eye
40
What does 'or/o' mean?
mouth
41
What does 'radi/o' mean?
radiation
42
What does 'retin/o' mean?
retina
43
What does the suffix '-edema' mean?
swelling
44
What does '-ectomy' mean?
surgical removal
45
What does '-prandial' mean?
pertaining to a meal
46
What does '-uria' mean?
urine condition
47
What does '-scopic' mean?
Pertaining to visually examining
48
What does 'endo-' mean?
within
49
What does 'ex-' mean?
outward
50
What does 'pan-' mean?
all
51
What does 'poly-' mean?
many
52
What does 'parathyroidal' mean?
Pertaining to the parathyroid glands
53
What does 'pituitary' mean (as an adjective)?
Pertaining to the pituitary gland
54
What does 'thymic' mean?
Pertaining to the thymus gland
55
What does 'thyroidal' mean?
Pertaining to the thyroid gland
56
What is endocrinology?
The study and treatment of endocrine gland conditions
57
What is a physician who specializes in endocrinology called?
Endocrinologist
58
What is adrenomegaly?
enlarged adrenal glands
59
What is endocrinopathy?
Disease involving the endocrine system
60
What is exophthalmos?
Protruding eyeballs, often from excess thyroid hormone
61
What is glycosuria?
sugar in the urine
62
What is gynecomastia?
Development of breast tissue in males
63
What is hirsutism?
Excessive hair growth due to hormone imbalance
64
What is hypercalcemia?
Too much calcium in the blood (can result from too much PTH)
65
What is hyperkalemia?
too much potassium in the blood
66
What is hypocalcemia?
too little calcium in the blood
67
What is hyponatremia?
too little sodium in the blood
68
What is hyposecretion?
Insufficient hormone production by a gland
69
What is polydipsia?
excessive thirst
70
What is polyuria?
producing excessive urine
71
What is thyromegaly?
enlarged thyroid gland
72
What is Addison's disease?
Hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones; causes weakness, weight loss, and increased skin pigmentation
73
What is adrenal feminization?
Development of female traits in males due to excess estrogen from adrenal cortex
74
What is adrenal virilism?
Development of male traits in females due to excess androgen from adrenal cortex
75
What is adrenalitis?
inflammation of the adrenal glands
76
What is Cushing’s syndrome?
Condition caused by too much cortisol; causes weakness, edema, excess hair, and osteoporosis
77
What is pheochromocytoma?
Benign tumor of adrenal medulla causing excess epinephrine and symptoms like anxiety and heart palpitations
78
What is diabetes mellitus (DM)?
Chronic condition causing hyperglycemia and glycosuria; includes Type 1 and Type 2
79
What is insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 1)?
The pancreas stops making insulin, often in childhood; requires daily injections
80
What is non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2)?
the body resists insulin; managed with oral meds and possibly insulin later
81
What is diabetic retinopathy?
retina damage cause by diabetes
82
What is an insulinoma?
Tumor of the islets of Langerhans that causes too much insulin to be produced
83
What is ketoacidosis?
A dangerous build-up of acidic ketones in the body; a complication of diabetes
84
What is peripheral neuropathy?
nerve damage in the hands and feet from diabetes
85
What is hyperparathyroidism?
Overproduction of parathyroid hormone causing high blood calcium
86
What is hypoparathyroidism?
Underproduction of parathyroid hormone causing low blood calcium
87
What is Recklinghausen disease?
Bone degeneration caused by excess parathyroid hormone
88
What is tetany?
Muscle cramps and nerve issues caused by low calcium (hypocalcemia)
89
What is acromegaly?
Enlarged bones in adults due to long-term excess growth hormone
90
What is diabetes insipidus (DI)?
ADH deficiency causing excessive urination and thirst
91
What is dwarfism?
Short stature caused by low growth hormone in childhood
92
What is gigantism?
Excess growth hormone in childhood leading to extreme height
93
What is hyperpituitarism?
Overproduction of one or more pituitary hormones
94
What is hypopituitarism?
Underproduction of one or more pituitary hormones
95
What is panhypopituitarism?
Total underproduction of all pituitary hormones
96
What is thymitis?
inflammation of the thymus gland
97
What is a thymoma?
tumor of the thymus gland
98
What is congenital hypothyroidism?
Birth defect causing arrested physical and mental growth due to thyroid hormone deficiency
99
What is a goiter?
enlargement of the thyroid gland
100
What is Graves’ disease?
Autoimmune condition causing hyperthyroidism with symptoms like bulging eyes and goiter
101
What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
Autoimmune condition destroying thyroid tissue, leading to hypothyroidism
102
What is hyperthyroidism?
excess production of thyroid hormones
103
What is hypothyroidism?
Underproduction of thyroid hormones
104
What is myxedema?
Severe adult hypothyroidism with symptoms like facial swelling and drowsiness
105
What is thyrotoxicosis?
Extreme overproduction of thyroid hormone with fast heart rate, tremors, and weight loss
106
What is an adenocarcinoma?
Cancerous tumor in a hormone-producing gland
107
What does a blood serum test measure?
Levels of substances like calcium, glucose, and hormones in blood
108
What is a fasting blood sugar (FBS) test?
Measures blood sugar after 12 hours without eating
109
What is a glucose tolerance test (GTT)?
Measures blood sugar response after drinking a glucose solution over several hours
110
What is the protein-bound iodine test (PBI)?
Measures levels of T4 bound to proteins in the blood
111
What is a radioimmunoassay (RIA)?
Measures hormone levels using radioactively labeled hormones
112
What is a thyroid function test (TFT)?
Measures levels of T3, T4, and TSH in the blood
113
What does the total calcium test measure and diagnose?
It measures calcium in the blood and helps diagnose parathyroid or bone disorders
114
What does the two-hour postprandial glucose tolerance test evaluate?
It evaluates glucose metabolism by measuring blood sugar two hours after a meal
115
What is thyroid echography used for?
It’s an ultrasound exam of the thyroid gland
116
It’s an ultrasound exam of the thyroid gland
It uses radioactive iodine to evaluate thyroid function through nuclear imaging
117
What is an adrenalectomy?
Surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands
118
What is a chemical thyroidectomy?
Use of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells without surgery
119
What is a glucometer?
An instrument used to measure blood glucose
120
What is hormone replacement therapy (HRT)?
Artificial hormone replacement for hyposecretion disorders
121
What is a laparoscopic adrenalectomy?
Minimally invasive removal of the adrenal gland via a small abdominal incision
122
What does lobectomy mean?
Surgical removal of a lobe of a gland
123
What is a parathyroidectomy?
Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands
124
What is a pinealectomy?
Surgical removal of the pineal gland
125
What is a thymectomy?
Surgical removal of the thymus gland
126
What is a thyroidectomy?
Surgical removal of the thyroid gland
127
What do antithyroid agents do?
Block production of thyroid hormones (e.g., Tapazole)
128
What are aquaretics used for?
Treat hyponatremia by helping remove water (e.g., Vaprisol, Samsca)
129
What are corticosteroids used for?
Replace adrenal cortex hormones and act as anti-inflammatories (e.g., Prednisone)
130
What does human growth hormone therapy do?
Replaces growth hormone (e.g., Genotropin, Protropin)
131
What is insulin used for?
Replaces insulin in type 1 diabetes (e.g., Humulin)
132
What do oral hypoglycemic agents do?
Lower blood sugar in type 2 diabetes (e.g., Glucophage, Glucotrol)
133
What do thyroid replacement hormones do?
Replace thyroid hormones (e.g., Levo-T, Cytomel)
134
What does ACTH stand for?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
135
What does ADH stand for?
Antidiuretic hormone
136
What does BMR mean?
basal metabolic rate
137
What does CT refer to?
calcitonin
138
What does DI stand for?
Diabetes insipidus
139
What does DM stand for?
Diabetes mellitus
140
What does FBS mean?
fasting blood sugar
141
What does FSH stand for?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
142
What does GH mean?
growth hormone
143
What does GTT stand for?
glucose tolerance test
144
What does HRT stand for?
hormone replacement therapy
145
What does IDDM mean?
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
146
What does "inj" stand for in medical abbreviations?
injection
147
What does LH stand for?
Luteinizing hormone
148
What is MSH short for, and what does it do?
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone; it affects skin pigmentation.
149
What does "Na+" indicate on a blood test?
sodium
150
What does NIDDM stand for?
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type 2 Diabetes)
151
What does NPH refer to in insulin therapy?
Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (a type of intermediate-acting insulin)
152
What does "od" stand for in medical shorthand?
overdose
153
What does PBI measure?
Protein-bound iodine, a test used to evaluate thyroid function (T4 levels)
154
What does PRL stand for?
prolactin
155
What hormone is abbreviated as PTH?
Parathyroid hormone
156
What does RAI stand for and what is it used for?
Radioactive iodine, used for thyroid imaging or treatment
157
What does RIA stand for?
Radioimmunoassay – a test that measures hormone levels in blood using radioactive labels
158
What is T3 short for?
Triiodothyronine – a thyroid hormone involved in metabolism
159
What is T4 short for?
Thyroxine – a thyroid hormone that regulates metabolism
160
What does TFT stand for?
Thyroid function test – measures levels of T3, T4, and TSH
161
What is TSH?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone – it regulates the activity of the thyroid gland
162
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
Maintain a stable internal environment by removing waste and regulating water, electrolytes, and pH
163
What are the main organs of the urinary system?
Two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra
164
What is the combining form ‘azot/o’ related to?
Nitrogen or nitrogenous compounds (commonly in urine)
165
What is a common symptom of adrenal virilism?
Development of male characteristics in females
166
What is a goiter?
enlargement of the thyroid gland
167
What is the role of glucagon?
Raise blood glucose by stimulating liver to release stored sugar
168
What hormone does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (adrenaline)
169
What is the main effect of cortisol?
Regulates metabolism and helps the body respond to stress
170
What is the main role of aldosterone?
Regulates sodium and potassium levels to control blood pressure
171
What is hypoglycemia?
low blood sugar
172
What is hyperglycemia?
high blood sugar
173
What is the function of thymosin?
Stimulates T cell development in the immune system
174
What is pheochromocytoma?
A tumor of the adrenal medulla that causes excess adrenaline production
175
What is the role of prolactin?
stimulates milk production
176
What is the function of oxytocin?
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth
177
What does ‘polydipsia’ mean?
excessive thirst
178
What does ‘polyuria’ mean?
excessive urination
179
What does ‘hyperkalemia’ mean?
High potassium levels in the blood
180
What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes?
Type 1 = insulin-dependent; Type 2 = insulin resistance
181
What hormone is involved in circadian rhythms?
melatonin
182
What condition is associated with excessive growth hormone secretion after adulthood?
acromegaly
183
What is the typical treatment for hypothyroidism?
thyroid hormone replacement
184
What is the typical treatment for hyperthyroidism?
Antithyroid medications or radioactive iodine therapy
185
What is the function of ADH?
Conserves water by reducing urine output
186
What is Cushing’s disease caused by?
Excess ACTH leading to high cortisol levels
187
What is Addison’s disease caused by?
Deficiency of adrenal cortex hormones
188
What is the difference between endocrinology and exocrinology?
Endocrinology: study of hormone secretion inside the body
Exocrinology: secretion outside the body or into ducts
189
What is fasting blood sugar used to diagnose?
diabetes mellitus
190
What does the glucose tolerance test evaluate?
The body’s ability to metabolize glucose
191
What does insulin resistance mean?
Body’s cells do not respond well to insulin
192
What hormone triggers ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
193
What hormone stimulates development of ovarian follicles?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
194
What is hypopituitarism?
Underproduction of pituitary hormones
195
What hormone causes breast development and milk production?
prolactin
196
What hormone controls sodium reabsorption in kidneys?
Aldosterone
197
What hormone increases blood calcium?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
198
What hormone decreases blood calcium?
calcitonin
199
What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
200
What is the role of the islets of Langerhans?
They produce insulin and glucagon in the pancreas
