Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards
(452 cards)
1
Q
2 reasons we need a respiratory system
A
Ventilation
Gas exchange between the air and the blood
2
Q
2 openings that we call nostrils are called…
A
External nares
3
Q
What is just behind the nares?
A
Hairs (real ones with follicles and everything)
4
Q
What do the hairs just behind the nares serve as?
A
A prefilter
5
Q
Air passes the nares and enters the…
A
Nasal cavity
6
Q
The nasal cavity runs from the inside of the ? To the ?
A
Nose
Nasopharynx
7
Q
Where is the nasopharynx?
A
Posterior to the soft palate
8
Q
Another term for internal nares
A
Post nasal aperture
9
Q
The nasal cavity has 2 types of bony structures. What are these? What is their purpose?
A
Nasal septum
Nasal conchae or turbinates
Increase surface area
10
Q
Nasal septum
A
Runs down the middle of the nasal cavity and divides it in 2
11
Q
Nasal conchae or turbinates
A
3 on each side of the nasal cavity and curved in a spiral
12
Q
4 functions of nasal cavity
A
Lets air in
Processes the air
Sense of smell
Resonating chamber for speech
13
Q
3 ways the nasal cavity processes the air
A
Filtering it
Moistening it
Warming it
14
Q
How much nasal mucous do you produce in a day?
A
A quart to a quart and a half
15
Q
Nasal cavity processes air by moistening it. How?
A
Mucous is wet
16
Q
The nasal cavity processes the air by warming it. How is this done?
A
The mucous membranes have a lot of blood vessels, that’s why nose bleeds are so easy and messy
17
Q
Nasal cavity sense of smell
A
Olfactory epithelia up in the top of the nasal cavity
18
Q
Paranasal sinuses are connected with the ??
A
Nasal cavity
19
Q
4 paranasal sinuses
A
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Frontal
Maxillary
20
Q
Cavities in the bone lined with mucous membranes that drain into the nasal cavity
A
Paranasal sinuses
21
Q
3 functions of paranasal sinuses
A
Resonating chamber for speech
Lighten the weight of the skull
Make extra mucous
22
Q
Term for throat
A
Pharynx
23
Q
The pharynx runs from…. To the…
A
Internal nares of the nasal cavity to the top of the esophagus
24
Q
3 regions of the pharynx
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
25
Nasopharynx location
Runs from the nares to the bottom of the soft palate
26
Function of nasopharynx
Air passages
27
Epithelia in nasopharynx
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
28
Associated structures in nasopharynx
Auditory tubes
| Adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil)
29
Oropharynx location
Runs from the bottom of the soft palate to the top of the epiglottis
30
Function of oropharynx
Common passageway of air and food
31
Epithelium in oropharynx
Stratified squamous epithelium
32
Associated structures in oropharynx
Palatine and lingual tonsils
33
Laryngopharynx location
Top of the epiglottis to the esophagus
34
Function of laryngopharynx
Common passageway for air and food
35
Epithelium in laryngopharynx
Stratified squamous epithelium
36
Circular semi rigid container made of cartilage, ligaments, and skeletal muscle in the respiratory system
Larynx
37
2 main cartilages in the larynx
Thyroid cartilage
| Cricoid cartilage
38
2 functions of larynx
It acts as a valve
| Produce the sound that is made into speech
39
The larynx acts as a valve that lets ? pass into the respiratory system and prevents ? from entering the respiratory system when it's closed
Air
| food
40
The ? acts as the top valve and the ? acts as the rest of the valve (respiratory system)
Epiglottis
| Larynx
41
Is the larynx usually open or closed? What does this mean for the respiratory system?
Open, which keeps the respiratory system open
42
What happens to the larynx and epiglottis when you swallow?
The larynx rises, effectively closing itself off against the epiglottis
43
What is the epiglottis made of? What is the purpose of this?
Elastic cartilage so as food passes it will fold down to aid the seal
44
How does the larynx produce the sound that is made into speech?
Vocal cords (vocal folds)
45
Vocal cords/ folds are ligaments made of ?
Elastin
46
When vocal cords are pulled tight by muscles, they ? When air flows past
Vibrate
47
How do vocal cords produce high notes?
If you pull them very tight, they vibrate fast
48
How do the vocal cords produce low notes?
If you relax them, they vibrate slowly
49
How do you make loud sounds?
By blowing hard
50
How do you make soft sounds?
By blowing soft
51
Actual speech is made by...
Changing the shape of the pharynx, oral cavity, and moving the tongue and lips
52
Glottis
The hole between the vocal cords
53
How can you completely close the glottis?
Through muscular contractions of the vestibular fold
54
What is the vestibular fold superior to?
The vocal fold
55
What makes us cough?
The closing of the glottis followed by a rapid outpouring of air
56
5-inch long tube that runs from the larynx to the lungs
Trachea
57
Trachea is made of ?? Connective tissue, ? Muscle, and 15 to 20 C shaped rings of ??
Dense fibrous connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Hyaline cartilage
58
Just beneath the pseudostratified columnar epithelia of the trachea are ??
Seromucous glands
59
This holds the trachea open like rings in a vacuum cleaner hose
Hyaline cartilage
60
Why are the rings of the trachea C shaped?
So that the esophagus can expand into the trachea when a large bite of food travels down
61
At the end of the trachea, we pick up the mucous sheet again. It had ended with the ? and didn't pick up again until under the ??
Nasopharynx
| Vocal cords
62
The rich supply of goblet cells in the trachea are located where?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia
63
These are deeper in the tissue of the trachea that make a nice watery mucous
Seromucous glands
64
The mucous in the trachea and the rest of the lower respiratory system traps these 2 things
Dust and pathogens
65
The ? beat and transport the dirty mucous to the top of the ? where it is swallowed.
Cilia
| Larynx
66
What is the function of the trachea?
Hold the tubes open and prevent negative pressure from causing collapsion
67
The bottom of the trachea divides into 2 tubes called the ??. One goes to the right lung and one goes to the left
Primary bronchi
68
Inside the lungs, the primary bronchi divide into ?? each one going to a lobe in the lungs
Secondary bronchi
69
How many secondary bronchi (lobes) are in the right lung?
3
70
How many secondary bronchi (lobes) are in the left lung?
2
71
diameter of bronchioles
1mm
72
where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?
alveoli
73
the larynx has big pieces of what kind of cartilage?
hyaline
74
the trachea has cartilage (?)
rings
75
do most of the bronchi have some type of cartilage?
yes
76
in the lungs, as the tubes get smaller, the relative amount of smooth muscle gets (?)
larger
77
bronchodilate and bronchoconstrict
the bronchioles have a lot of smooth muscle in their walls and will change diameter
78
what type of muscle routes air flow?
smooth muscle
79
in the respiratory system, what does compliance mean?
flexibility
80
what is partially responsible for compliance in the lungs?
elastic fibers
81
once you get to the end of the bronchioles, particles are handled by the...
macrophages
82
what do silica and asbestos do in the lungs?
poison the macrophages and cause a really nasty death
83
what affects the toxicity of silica and asbestos?
the size of the particles and their composition
84
when do the capillary beds open and close?
open in high O2 and close in the opposite case
85
when do the bronchioles open and contract?
open when CO2 is high and contract when CO2 is low
86
what is the systemic artery that supplies blood to the respiratory tree called?
the bronchial artery
87
most of the blood returns to the heart via...
the pulmonary veins
88
the thoracic cavity shape
roughly bullet shaped
89
floor of the thoracic cavity
diaphragm
90
walls of the thoracic cavity are formed by...
the rib cage
91
2 ways you can change the volume of the thoracic cavity
- movement of the diaphragm
| - movement of the ribs
92
shape of the diaphragm at rest
relatively dome shaped
93
what does the contraction of the diaphragm do to its shape?
the dome goes down
94
what does the contraction of the diaphragm do to the volume of the thoracic cavity?
increases it
95
do the ribs slope upward or downward from the vertebra?
downward
96
when the ribs are lifted, they move inward or outward?
outward
97
what does the outward movement of the ribs do to the volume of the thoracic cavity?
increases it
98
how are the lungs very similar to a latex balloon?
there are lots of elastic fibers embedded in the tissues of the lungs
99
what would happen if the elastic fibers were suddenly pulled out of the thoracic cavity?
the lungs would collapse
100
2 factors why the lungs would collapse if the elastic fibers were removed
elastic recoil
| surface tension
101
2 reasons your lungs don't collapse
the pleura
| surfactant
102
the lungs are covered in a (?) pleura
visceral
103
the thoracic cavity is lined with a (?) pleura
parietal
104
there is a small amount of ? between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura
serous fluid
105
the lungs are stuck to the walls of the thoracic cavity by a combination of these 2 things
```
surface tension
parietal vacuum (negative pressure)
```
106
the negative pressure is maintained by...
the flaps of the lymph capillaries
107
what happens if the lungs try to collapse past the minimum volume of the thoracic cavity? what does this do?
more negative pressure is created in the pleural cavity, which prevents the lungs from collapsing further
108
pneumothorax
lungs are free to collapse to their full extent
109
when can pneumothorax occur?
with something like a bullet of broken rib (breaking the parietal vacuum)
110
what kind of cells secrete surfactant and where?
alveolar type 2 cells in the alveoli
111
what is surfactant?
a lipoprotein that acts like a detergent reducing surface tension 5 to 7 fold
112
premature infants have a very hard time inflating their lungs because they lack
surfactant
113
define tidal volume
amount of air you move in and out of your lungs during quiet breathing
114
what is the average tidal volume in males and females?
500 mL
115
how is tidal volume achieved?
by contracting your diaphragm and external intercostals
116
inspiratory reserve volume
the amount of air that enters your lungs during inspiration movements (taking a deep breath)
117
inspiratory volume in males and females
```
males= 3000 mL
females= 1900 mL
```
118
the air you took in during tidal breathing and the forced inspiration is all exhaled due to ?? of the lungs and thoracic cavity
elastic recoil
119
after elastic recoil, exhalation requires...
muscles
120
residual volume
volume of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation
121
residual volume in males and females
```
males= 1200mL
females= 1100 mL
```
122
add tidal volume to inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume and get...
vital capacity
123
vital capacity in males and females
```
males= 4600mL
females= 3100mL
```
124
vital capacity (tidal volume +inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve) + residual volume = ?
the total lung capacity
125
total lung capacity in males and females
```
males= 5800mL
females= 4200mL
```
126
the alveoli are balloons of ? epithelium covered with a network of ? and ?
simple squamous
capillaries
elastic fibers
127
the simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli are also called
alveolar type 1 cells
128
3 types of cells in alveolar structure
simple squamous epithelium (alveolar type 1 cells)
alveolar type 2 cels
macrophages
129
the capillaries in the respiratory system are made of what kind of tissue?
simple squamous epithelium
130
the only thing between the blood and the air in the alveolus is a thin membrane consisting of...
2 simple squamous cells and the basement membrane between them
131
the double epithelium in the alveolus is called the
respiratory membrane (simple squamous sandwich)
132
you have about ? square meters of respiratory membrane, which is about ? square feet
90 square meters, 1000 square feet
133
is it easy or difficult for oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through a wet membrane?
easy
134
how do oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the respiratory membrane?
simple diffusion
135
alveolar type 2 cells secrete ? which helps keep the surfaces moist, and reduces the surface tension
surfactant
136
these cells in the alveolar structure crawl around and gobble up debris
macrophages
137
partial pressure
the concentration of gases in a mixture
138
partial pressure is measured in...
mmHg
139
air pressure at sea level
760 mmHg
140
what percent of air is oxygen?
20.9%
141
percent of gas x total pressure = ?
partial pressure
142
partial pressure of oxygen at sea level
159 mmHg
143
Dalton's law deals with..
partial pressure
144
according to Boyle's law, what is the relationship between space and pressure?
when you make a space bigger the pressure of the gas that fills the space goes down. if you make a space smaller the pressure goes up
145
how do gases move in and out of the blood?
diffusion
146
is there more oxygen in the alveolus or the blood?
alveolus
147
is there more oxygen in the tissues or the blood?
blood
148
is there more carbon dioxide in the alveolus or the blood?
blood
149
is there more carbon dioxide in the tissues or the blood?
tissues
150
true or false:
| some of the oxygen in our blood is carried in the plasma
true
151
can the plasma carry enough oxygen by itself?
no
152
the plasma carries ?% of the oxygen we need
1.5%
153
most of the oxygen carried is bound to the ? of the red blood cell
hemoglobin
154
oxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin bound to oxygen
155
deoxyhemoglobin
hemoglobin without oxygen
156
how many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule carry?
4
157
normally around ?% (the first oxygen molecule) is lost during normal blood flow
25%
158
3 conditions that encourage the unloading of oxyegn by hemoglobin
1 low oxygen concentration
2 a rise in temperature; active tissues are warmer
3 a drop in pH
159
what does increased carbon dioxide concentration do to the pH?
lowers pH
160
CO2 is picked up by ? at the tissues and is carried back to the lungs for ?
blood
| disposal
161
? moves from tissues to the lungs
| ? moves from the lungs to the tissues
carbon dioxide
| oxygen
162
to balance the outflow of bicarbonate, an equal amount of chloride ions diffuse into the RBCs. this is called...
the chloride shift
163
these 2 parts of the nervous system control respiration
medulla and pons
164
where is the inspiratory center found?
the medulla
165
the inspiratory center is similar to something we recently learned about...
the pacemaker of the heart
166
the inspiratory center spontaneously depolarizes how many times in a minute? and where does it send the AP?
12 to 18
| phrenic nerves
167
the phrenic nerves run these 2 things
diaphragm
| intercostals
168
the rate of depolarization and action potential by the inspiratory pacemaker is normally regulated by...
the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid
169
the main chemical that controls breathing
CO2
170
3 functions of the digestive system
1 disassemble the complex molecules in our food
2 to absorb the simple molecules into our body
3 expel undigested material
171
Ingestion
Take food into the digestive system
172
Propulsion
The process of moving food through the digestive system
173
Propulsion includes 2 things that involve rhythmic waves of muscle contractions that move along a tube
Swallowing and peristalsis
174
2 kinds of digestion
Mechanical digestion
| Chemical digestion
175
Type of digestion that physically breaks down food into smaller pieces (chewing) or mixes food with digestive enzymes (segmentation and churning)
Mechanical digestion
176
Type of digestion where the larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by enzymes
Chemical digestion
177
Absorption
The transport of the smaller molecules from the digestive system into the blood and lymph (circulatory system)
178
Defecation
The elimination of undigested residue from the body as feces via the anus
179
The nasal cavity and bony structures are covered with...
Mucous membranes
180
5 types of cells/ structures you will find in the mucous membrane
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- goblet cells
- mucous glands
- serous glands
- blood vessels
181
The nose hairs act as a ? For things like bugs
Coarse pre-filter
182
The nasal ? Cause the air to whirl around and many particles trapped by sticky mucous
Conchae
183
What happens to the dirty mucous in the nasal cavity?
It is swept by cilia to the pharynx where it is swallowed and digested
184
What does the cribriform plate support?
Olfactory epithelia
185
What happens when food goes down the wrong tube?
You engage the cough reflex to fix your mistake
186
What happens to the c rings of the trachea when you cough? What does this do?
They close up. This decrease in diameter creates an increase in velocity
187
```
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
(A whole lot of branching)
?
(Get smaller still)
?
?
```
Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli
188
The alveoli does gas exchange, but what do all the other structures in the lung basically do?
Distribute the air, move the air, and condition the air
189
Epithelia of the bronchi in the lungs
Pseudostratified columnar
190
As you approach the bronchioles (from the bronchi), the epithelium switches to...
Ciliated columnar
191
Epithelium that lines the bronchioles
Ciliated cuboidal
192
Epithelium that lines the alveoli
Simple squamous
193
True or false:
| The capillary beds of the lungs are triggered by conditions that are the same as those of the systemic capillaries
False, opposite
194
Tissue capillaries open when...
O2 is low
195
Lung capillaries open when...
O2 is high
196
Lung bronchioles open when...
O2 is low
197
This happens when all of the elastic fibers in the lungs are under tension (even when you have exhaled all you can, they can go farther)
Elastic recoil
198
This happens when the inside of the lungs are wet, water tries to hydrogen bond with water it tries to pull your lungs shut like wet toilet paper
Surface tension
199
Partial vacuum created between the 2 layers in the pleural cavity is ?mmHg
-4 mmHg
200
What happened to premature infants that lacked surfactant before treatment was available?
They just ran out of energy to breathe
201
When you begin to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, ? Is created in the pleural cavity
Slight negative pressure
202
With negative pressure, the lung are literally pulled up with the ? And ?
Ribs and diaphragm
203
Negative pressure in the lungs causes air to flow from a ? Pressure, namely the outside, to a ? Pressure area, your lungs
Higher pressure to lower pressure
204
In expiration, the ?? Pull down on the rib cage and the ? Push the viscera against the diaphragm pushing it further into the thoracic cavity.
Internal intercostals
| Abdominals
205
Expiratory reserve volume in males and females
Males 1100 mL
| Females 700 mL
206
Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position
Expiratory reserve volume
207
Because of all the cartilage and elastic tissue, even when you let out as much air as you can, there is still...
Residual volume
208
Following a concentration gradient, O2 moves from ? To ? To ?
Lungs-> blood -> tissyes
209
Following a concentration gradient, CO2 moves from ? To ? To ?
Tissues to blood to lungs
210
What is the P(CO2) in air?
0.3 mmHg
211
Hemoglobin:
| 1st oxygen comes off easily, it takes greater ? To pull the 2nd, a greater for the 3rd and so on
Concentration gradient (lower PO2)
212
If oxygen levels drop lower, such as in you gastrocnemius during running, more oxygen will leave the...
Hemoglobin
213
The opposite conditions of the unloading of oxygen by hemoglobin will encourage...
The uptake of oxygen
214
How CO2 is carried in the blood:
10% ?
20-30% ?
60-70% ?
10% is carried as CO2 in the plasma
20-30% is carried by hemoglobin (it's bound to a different site than O2)
60-70% is carried by bicarbonate in the plasma
215
Pepsi equation:
| Bicarbonate diffuses out of the?, the hydrogen ion is bound to the ?
Plasma
| Hemoglobin
216
What is the role of proteins in pH?
Buffers
217
An enzyme called ?? In the RBC accelerates the Pepsi equatuon in both directions
Carbonic anhydrase
218
Where does this occur?
CO2 diffuses from the plasma to the alveoli, it releases the hemoglobin, travels through the plasma and enters the alveoli, and chloride passes out
Lungs
219
?? Catalyzes a rapid reversal of the Pepsi equation and that all of the CO2 also diffuses out
Carbonic anhydrase
220
What makes you exhale?
Elastic recoil
221
is it harder to detect oxygen levels or CO2 levels?
oxygen
222
if respiration is not keeping up, what happens to the CO2 levels of the blood?
they start to rise
223
because of the pepsi equation, an increase in carbon dioxide causes an increase in ? concentration. what does this mean for hemoglobin?
H+
| hemoglobin can't hold all the H+
224
who diffuses into the cerebrospinal fluid and increases the rate of depolarization of the respiratory centers? what does this do to the respiration rate?
the hydrogen ions
| this increases the respiration rate
225
do we have sensors for oxygen? if so, where are they?
yes, in the carotid sinus
226
who normally controls respiration (chemical wise)?
CO2
227
if the CO2 system is not good enough fro the basic control of breathing, what happens?
the O2 detectors will take over and respiration will be controlled by O2. you are now controlled by the hypoxic drive
228
when can you be controlled by hypoxic drive? (3)
at high alititude
people with chronic lung disease
usually when your pO2 is below 60 mmHg
229
where are most of the digestive organs found?
the abdominopelvic cavity
230
visceral peritoneum
covers the digestive organs
231
parietal peritoneum
covers the body wall
232
the visceral and parietal peritoneum are membranes that secrete what?
serous fluid
233
what does serous fluid help with in the digestive system?
lubricate the moving digestive organs
234
most of the organs are suspended fro the abdominopelvic cavity by a double layer of serous membranes called the...
mesentery
235
the mesentery provides a route for 3 things
blood vessels
lymph vessels
nerves
236
from the ? to the ? the GI tract can be divided into 4 layers
esophagus to the anal canal
237
4 layers of the GI tract going from the inside out
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
238
the GI tract is also known as
the Alimentary canal
239
structure of the mucosa
a layer of epithelia, either stratified squamous or simple columnar, with a little loose connective tissue to back it up (think stratified squamous on the ends and columnar in the middle)
240
3 basic functions of the mucosa
protection
absorption
secretion
241
how does the mucosa protect?
mucous from glands and goblet cells
242
how does the mucosa use absorption?
carry the nutrients from the digestive system to the blood and lymph
243
the mucosa secretes 3 things
mucous
hormones
digestive enzymes
244
submucosa is mostly what tissue?
connective tissue
245
this layer of the GI tract contains the major blood, lymph, and nervous supply of the digestive system
submucosa
246
in some places, the submucosa has extra glands, like...
the duodenal glands
247
muscularis structure
a 2 (sometimes 3) layer system of smooth muscle (skeletal in the esophagus). the inner muscles run in a circle, the outer layer consists of longitudinal muscles.
248
together, the layers of the muscularis are responsible for ? and ?
peristalsis and segmentation
249
serosa
the outer layer of all organs is either a thin visceral serous membrane, or a thicker fibrous membrane called the adventitia
250
where are parasympathetic ganglia found?
on the surface of the organs
251
an extensive system of nerves and neurons on and in the digestive system that are collectively called...
the enteric nervous system
252
esophagus length
10 inches
253
stomach length
10 inches to a foot
254
small intestines length
8 to 13 feet, 21 feet when dead because they shrink up with muscle tone
255
large intestines length
4.5 feet
256
we secrete about how many liters in fluid into the digestive system in a day? how much of this do we reabsorb?
10 liters, we reabsorb 9 liters, leaving a net loss of a liter a day
257
lips and cheeks serve what function in the digestive system?
necessary for mastication (chewing), they help position the food, and for speech
258
forms the roof of your mouth and divides the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. it is backed up by bone
hard palate
259
what is just posterior to the hard palate that forms the upper back part of your mouth?
the soft palate
260
the little floppy thing that hangs from the soft palate
uvula
261
when you swallow, how does your body ensure the food wont go up your nose?
the soft palate rises to close off the nasal cavity
262
this manipulated the food while it is being masticated and mixes it with saliva into a ball called a bolus
tongue
263
tongue is made up of what kind of muscle and epithelia?
made of skeletal muscle and is covered by stratified squamous epithelia
264
the tongue is covered with bumps called...
papillae
265
some of the ? make the tongue rough, some have taste buds
papillae
266
bone like structures that are embedded in the upper and lower jaw
the teeth
267
are the teeth made of bone?
no, but their tissues most closely resembles bone without any blood vessels
268
the teeth turn big chunks of food into little chunks, a form of ? digestion
mechanical
269
2 types of salivary glands
extrinsic
| intrinsic
270
3 big salivary glands are intrinsic or extrinsic?
extrinsic
271
a bunch of little scattered salivary glands around the oral mucosa
intrinsic salivary glands
272
3 extrinsic salivary glands
parotid
submandibular
sublingual
273
where are the parotid extrinsic salivary glands located?
just anterior to the ear and superficial to the masseter
274
these extrinsic glands go nuts when you eat something sour
parotid
275
where are the submandibular extrinsic salivary glands?
runs along the medial side of the body of the mandible
276
where do the ducts of the submandibular salivary glands appear?
under the tongue on either side of the lingual frenulum
277
where are the sublingual salivary glands?
under the tongue on either side
278
what do the extrinsic salivary glands produce?
saliva
279
5 things in saliva
```
water
some ions
salivary amylase
mucin
lysozyme and IgA
(some animals have an epidermal growth hormone)
```
280
salivary amylase
an enzyme that digests carbohydrates
281
mucin
the active ingredient in mucous
282
what do lysozyme and IgA do?
help control bacteria
283
these glands secrete all the time to keep the mouth moist
intrinsic salivary glands
284
what stimulates extrinsic glands?
the sight, smell, or just the thought of food
285
these salivary glands respond to the presence of anything in the mouth
extrinsic salivary glands
286
the nervous control of digestion is done by what kind of nerves?
parasympathetic nerves
287
3 steps of the cephalic stage of digestion
1 the extrinsic salivary glands will being to secrete
2 the stomach will begin to secrete gastric juice
3 the pancreas will being to secrete pancreatic juice
288
the stimulation of the brain in the digestive system is called...
the cephalic stage of digestion
289
5 functions that the components of saliva perform
- cleans the mouth
- dissolves chemicals for taste
- add moisture and "glue" to help form the food into a bolus
- start the digestion of starch
- a little disease protection
290
some reflex pathways will pick up after the cephalic phase of digestion, but they need the physical presence of ? to turn them on
food
291
the pharynx:
| food passes through the ? to the ?
oropharynx
| laryngopharynx
292
the only function of the esophagus
transport the food from the pharynx to the stomach (propulsion)
293
3 layers of the esophagus
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
294
does the esophagus have a serosa?
no, its attached to the structures around it with a fibrous adventitia
295
first step of swallowing
the buccal phase
296
the ? pushes the bolus of food against the ?? and forces it into the ?
tongue
hard palate
oropharynx
297
swallowing is also known as
the deglutition reflex
298
what is the deglutition reflex run by?
the brainstem
299
the food is propelled by peristalsis through the pharynx, into the ?, past the ? sphincter and into the stomach
esophagus
| cardiac sphincter
300
what prevents the bolus of food from going back out the mouth?
the tongue
301
what prevents the bolus of food from going up the nose?
when the food hits the back of the oral cavity it pushes the soft palate back and closes off the nasal cavity
302
what prevents the bolus food food from going down the larynx?
when you swallow the larynx rises up against the epiglottis, the epiglottic is bent down by the passing bolus of food and closes the larynx
303
this carries foods, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach
the esophagus
304
which cavity is the stomach located in?
the abdominal cavity
305
the esophagus travels through the thoracic cavity, crosses the diaphragm and enters the ? at the top of the abdominal cavity
stomach
306
how much can the stomach hold when completely distended?
almost a gallon
307
10 inches long and lies just below the diaphragm towards the left side of the body
stomach
308
main 3 functions of the stomach
storage
protein digestion
production of intrinsic factor
309
intrinsic factor
made by the stomach to allow B12 absorption in the small intestine
310
the anterior end of the stomach has a valve called the...
cardiac sphincter
311
the posterior end of the stomach has a valve called the...
pyloric sphincter
312
the lining of the stomach has longitudinal folds called...
rugae
313
oblique layer
extra layer of muscle in the muscularis of the stomach
314
the oblique layer of the stomach allows for...
extra types of movement to help mx the food with gastric juice
315
what makes the muscularis of the stomach unique?
it has 3 layers
316
mucosa of the stomach under a microscope is relatively level, with holes called ?? every so often
gastric pits
317
wen you look at the stomach mucosa from the side in a slide, the ?? were seen in the top quarter of the mucosa
gastric pits
318
emptying into the gastric pits are ??
the gastric glands
319
4 types of cells in gastric glands
chief cells
parietal cells
mucous cells
G cells
320
chief cells secrete...
pepsinogen
321
when pepsinogen comes in contact with HCl it is converted into a powerful protease called...
pepsin
322
what would pepsin do if it was not produced in an inactive form?
it would digest the cell that made it
323
chief cells secrete a ? which starts the digestion of lipids
lipase
324
parietal cells produce the ? which main purpose if to provide an acid environment to activate ?
HCl
| pepsinogen
325
does HCl do any chemical digestion?
no
326
what do mucous cells produce?
mucous
327
which 3 cells of the gastric glands produce the gastric juice?
chief cells, parietal cells, and mucous cells
328
G cells are also known as
enteroendocrine cells
329
what do G cells secrete?
gastrin
330
a few minutes after the food enters the stomach, ???? start to mix the food with the gastric juice to form a material called ?
rhythmic waves of contraction
| chyme
331
in adults, the main chemical digestion is...
protein digestion and some lipid digestion
332
the pepsinogen turns to pepsin in the presence of ? and beings to break proteins into small fragments
HCl
333
why don't you digest your stomach?
mucous shield also shields you from H. pylori
| plus you replace all the simple columnar epithelium every 3-6 days
334
before the food has arrived, gastric secretion is already started by the...
cephalic phase of digestion (the sight/ smell/ thought of food)
335
is the vagus nerve sympathetic or parasympathetic?
parasympathetic
336
as food enters the stomach, the walls of the stomach distend, this is detected by nerves, then what happens?
the nerves tell the medulla to tell the Vagus nerve to tell (by stimulating) the stomach to secrete more gastric juice
337
what causes the secretion of the hormone gastrin in the stomach?
the presence of partially digested proteins and caffine
338
the secretion of the hormone gastrin causes 4 things
- increased secretion of gastric juice
- increased motility (more movement)
- constricts the cardiac sphincter
- relaxes the pyloric sphincter
339
what happens when the pH of the stomach drops below 2? Why?
gastric secretion is inhibited
| Because acid exceeds the buffering capacity of the protein
340
emotions can affect the reflex of...
gastric secretion
341
true or false
| all digestion is sympathetic
false, it is parasympathetic
342
effects of depression on digestive system
can cause a lack of appetite, the food doesn't make your mouth water
343
effects of anxiety on digestive system
can suppress your appetite
344
how often does the pacemaker of the stomach fire?
every 20 seconds
345
the ?? acts like a filter by only letting a small amount of chyme (a few mL) to leave at each contraction
pyloric sphincter
346
Pancreatic juice contains lots of ?? To neutralize the HCl
Bicarbonate ions
347
4 types of digestive enzymes in pancreatic juice and what they are used for
Proteases for protein
Lipase for lipids
Amylases for starch
Nucleases for nucleic acids
348
Some regulation of pancreatic juice is produced by the ? Stage of digestion
Cephalic
349
What does cholecystokinin produce?
| Where is it found?
Enzymes
| Pancreas
350
What does secretin produce? Where is it found?
Bicarbonate
| Pancreas
351
Most of the production of pancreatic juice is stimulated by these 2 things
Cholecystokinin and secretin
352
3 main functions of large intestine
-reabsorb water from the chyme to produce feces
-absorb some vitamins B and K
-defecation
Plus it produces flammable flatus
353
The large intestine starts at the ? And ends at the ?
Ileocecal valve
| Anus
354
What does the ileocecal valve prevent?
The backflow of the colon into the small intestines
355
Below the ileocecal valve is the ?
Cecum
356
A small pouch that has a small appendage called the appendix
Cecum
357
The ? colon runs up the right side of the abdominal wall
Ascending colon
358
The ? colon runs just under the stomach
Transverse colon
359
This part of the colon makes most of the noise
Transverse colon
360
The ? colon travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity
Descending colon
361
The ? Colon makes an s shaped turn called the ?
Descending colon
| Sigmoid colon
362
The descending colon becomes a short muscular tube called the ?
Rectum
363
The rectum enter the ?? At which ends the anus
Anal canal
364
This part of the large intestine penetrates from the pelvic cavity to the outside
Anal cavity
365
The mucosa of the large intestine has this epithelia until the rectum
Simple columnar
366
Intestinal glands that produce mucous without any villi
Large intestine
367
What cells are in the mucosa of the large intestine (not epithelia)
Goblet cells
368
2 anal sphincters and what they're made of
Inner- smooth muscle
| Outer- skeletal muscle
369
The stretching of the rectum cause the nervous system to do 2 things
1. Contract the sigmoid colon and rectum
| 2. Relax the internal anal sphincter
370
How do you move your rib cage outward?
Contracting the diaphragm and external intercostals more vigorously
371
increase the speed of inspiration by adding these 2 things
pectoralis minors and sternocleidomastoids
372
the really acidic stuff that can dissolve enamel if you puke a lot or can dissolve the bottom of your esophagus
pepsinogen (that turns to pepsin in the presence of HCl)
373
can sympathetic nerve impulses and some drugs affect the nervous control of gastric secretion?
yes
374
as the chyme begins to be pushed through the pyloric sphincter, the acidic chyme begins to distend the duodenum setting off the ??
enterogastric reflex
375
how the digestive system tells you that you're full:
| nerve impulses tell the ? to tell the stomach to stop secreting, clamp down on the ?? and reduce ?
medulla
pyloric sphincter
motility
376
3 hormones produces to inhibit gastric secretion and motility (as well as do other things)
secretin
cholecystokinin
vasoactive intestinal peptide (gastric inhibitory peptide)
377
whole point of intestinal regulation of gastric secretion is to have the stomach empty until the ? is full
duodenum
378
when the ? is full, the stomach stops until it can handle some more
duodenum
379
gastric secretion is regulated by 2 mechanisms
hormonal and neural
380
regulation of gastric secretion (production of gastric juice) occurs in 3 phases
cephalic
gastric
intestinal
381
what happens in the cephalic and gastric phases of regulation of gastric secretion?
secretion and motility are stimulated
382
what happens in the intestinal phase of the regulation of gastric secretion?
secretion and motility are inhibited
383
the production of gastrin is stimulated by the presence of...
partially digested proteins
| some other stuff like caffeine
384
gastrin causes the stomach to do 4 things
secrete more gastric juice
move more
constrict the pyloric sphincter
385
gastric emptying is stimulated by
gastrin
386
gastric emptying is inhibited by 4 things
cholecystokinin
secretin
gastric inhibitory peptide
enterogastric reflex
387
the small intestine runs from the ?? to the ??
pyloric sphincter
| ileocecal valve
388
the small intestine is divided into how many segments?
3
389
the ? is the first 10 inches of the small intestine
duodenum
390
the duodenum receives secretions from ? and ?
liver
| pancreas
391
the middle section of the small intestines
jejunum
392
last section of the small intestines
ileum
393
almost all of the chemical digestion and absorption occurs here
small intestine
394
the ? has structural modifications that help with digestion and absorption in the small intestines
mucosa
395
the epithelium of the mucosa in the small intestines contains 2 things (and what are their functions)
simple columnar epithelium- carries out absorption
| goblet cells- secrete mucous
396
structural on columnar epithelial cells that increases the amount of membrane available for absorption and digestion
microvilli
397
embedded into the surface of the microvilli are ?? which digest ? ? and ?
digestive enzymes
| carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
398
the mucosa of the small intestines is folded into finger like projections called ?
villi
399
function of villi
increase the surface area
400
within each of the villi is a capillary bed and a lymph capillary called a ?
lacteal
401
the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestines are folded into wrinkles called the ??
plica circulares
402
the folding causes the small intestine to have around ? square feet
2200
403
the pits in the mucosa of the small intestines are called ?? (or crypts) which secrete ??
intestinal glands
| intestinal juice
404
intestinal juice is made of 2 things
water
| mucous
405
why is intestinal juice produced?
to help provide fluid that helps in the processing of chyme
406
where does epithelia turn over rapidly? (live fast and die young)
small intestines
407
glands in the submucosa of the duodenum
duodenal glands
408
what do duodenal glands secrete and what does this do?
alkaline mucous to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach
409
where do you find Peyers patches?
submucosa of the ileum (intestines)
410
clumps of lymphoid tissue that help fight infection
Peyers patches
411
how much does the liver weigh?
3 lbs
412
where is the liver located?
just under the diaphragm in the right hypochondrium
413
2 blood vessels that enter the liver
hepatic artery
| hepatic portal vein
414
blood vessel that leaves the liver
hepatic vein
415
the liver is made up of repeating subunits called...
lobules
416
blood flows to the outside of the lobules from the ???
hepatic portal vein
417
the blood filters through the liver through channels called...
sinusoids
418
hepatocytes
liver cells that process the blood
419
the sinusoids contain special macrophages called...
Kuppfer cells
420
this layer of the GI tract contains the major blood, lymph, and nervous supply of the digestive system
submucosa
421
in some places, the submucosa has extra glands, like...
the duodenal glands
422
what do Kuppfer cells do?
phagocytize debris and pick up old RBCs
423
about how many functions are carried out by the liver?
250
424
as the blood leaves the sinusoids, it drains into the ?? and then eventually to the ?? an heads back to the heart
central canal
| hepatic vein
425
the ?? drains into the sinusoids bringing oxygen and whatever else the cell needs
hepatic artery
426
bile canalliculi
channels between the sinusoids
427
where do liver cells secrete bile?
into the bile canalliclui
428
bile canalliculi and bile ducts join to eventually form the...
hepatic duct
429
if digestion is not occcuring, the bile in the liver backs up the ? duct and is stored in the ??
cystic
| gall bladder
430
what happens if bile stays a while in the gallbladder?
the walls of the gall bladder slowly concentrate it
431
composition of bile: 2 components that aid in digestion
1 bile salts and phospholipids
| 2 bile pigments
432
function of bile salts and phospholipids
emulsify fats
433
what is meant by "emulsify fats"?
break up the large fat droplets into small fat droplets
434
the enzymes that digest fats
lipases
435
what are the bile salts made from?
cholesterol
436
normally the bile salts are recycled back to the ? through the ?
liver
| ileum
437
what happens if you prevent the reabsorption of bile salts?
the liver has to make new ones and that lowers your cholestrol
438
what gives bile and feces their characteristic color?
bile pigments
439
the chief component of bile pigments
bilirubin
440
are there any lipases in bile?
no
441
when acidic chyme loaded with fat enters the duodenum, ? is produced
cholecystokinin
442
what stimulates the gall bladder to dump?
cholecystokinin
443
the pancreas is part of 2 systems
digestion and endocrine
444
where is the pancreas found?
just below the stomach, it lies on a horizontal plane
445
these cells produce pancreatic juice
acinar cells
446
pancreatic juice travels down the ?? and dumps into the ?
pancreatic duct
| duodenum
447
5 functions performed by the oral cavity
```
speech
mastication (mechanical digestion)
salivary amylase (causes chemical digestion)
propulsion
tongue initiates swallowing reflex
```
448
top 1/3 of the esophagus has ? muscle and the bottom 2/3 has ? muscle
skeletal muscle
| smooth muscle
449
part where the esophagus meets the stomach
cardiac sphincter
450
prevents the back flow of stomach contents into the esophagus
cardiac sphincter
451
mucosa of the esophagus
stratified squamous, protects by acting as a tough layer and has glands that secrete mucous to smooth the trip
452
submucosa of the esophagus
some extra mucous glands
