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A&P 2 > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

2 reasons we need a respiratory system

A

Ventilation

Gas exchange between the air and the blood

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2
Q

2 openings that we call nostrils are called…

A

External nares

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3
Q

What is just behind the nares?

A

Hairs (real ones with follicles and everything)

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4
Q

What do the hairs just behind the nares serve as?

A

A prefilter

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5
Q

Air passes the nares and enters the…

A

Nasal cavity

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6
Q

The nasal cavity runs from the inside of the ? To the ?

A

Nose

Nasopharynx

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7
Q

Where is the nasopharynx?

A

Posterior to the soft palate

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8
Q

Another term for internal nares

A

Post nasal aperture

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9
Q

The nasal cavity has 2 types of bony structures. What are these? What is their purpose?

A

Nasal septum
Nasal conchae or turbinates
Increase surface area

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10
Q

Nasal septum

A

Runs down the middle of the nasal cavity and divides it in 2

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11
Q

Nasal conchae or turbinates

A

3 on each side of the nasal cavity and curved in a spiral

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12
Q

4 functions of nasal cavity

A

Lets air in
Processes the air
Sense of smell
Resonating chamber for speech

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13
Q

3 ways the nasal cavity processes the air

A

Filtering it
Moistening it
Warming it

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14
Q

How much nasal mucous do you produce in a day?

A

A quart to a quart and a half

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15
Q

Nasal cavity processes air by moistening it. How?

A

Mucous is wet

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16
Q

The nasal cavity processes the air by warming it. How is this done?

A

The mucous membranes have a lot of blood vessels, that’s why nose bleeds are so easy and messy

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17
Q

Nasal cavity sense of smell

A

Olfactory epithelia up in the top of the nasal cavity

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18
Q

Paranasal sinuses are connected with the ??

A

Nasal cavity

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19
Q

4 paranasal sinuses

A

Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Frontal
Maxillary

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20
Q

Cavities in the bone lined with mucous membranes that drain into the nasal cavity

A

Paranasal sinuses

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21
Q

3 functions of paranasal sinuses

A

Resonating chamber for speech
Lighten the weight of the skull
Make extra mucous

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22
Q

Term for throat

A

Pharynx

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23
Q

The pharynx runs from…. To the…

A

Internal nares of the nasal cavity to the top of the esophagus

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24
Q

3 regions of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

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25
Q

Nasopharynx location

A

Runs from the nares to the bottom of the soft palate

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26
Q

Function of nasopharynx

A

Air passages

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27
Q

Epithelia in nasopharynx

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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28
Q

Associated structures in nasopharynx

A

Auditory tubes

Adenoids (pharyngeal tonsil)

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29
Q

Oropharynx location

A

Runs from the bottom of the soft palate to the top of the epiglottis

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30
Q

Function of oropharynx

A

Common passageway of air and food

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31
Q

Epithelium in oropharynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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32
Q

Associated structures in oropharynx

A

Palatine and lingual tonsils

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33
Q

Laryngopharynx location

A

Top of the epiglottis to the esophagus

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34
Q

Function of laryngopharynx

A

Common passageway for air and food

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35
Q

Epithelium in laryngopharynx

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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36
Q

Circular semi rigid container made of cartilage, ligaments, and skeletal muscle in the respiratory system

A

Larynx

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37
Q

2 main cartilages in the larynx

A

Thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

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38
Q

2 functions of larynx

A

It acts as a valve

Produce the sound that is made into speech

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39
Q

The larynx acts as a valve that lets ? pass into the respiratory system and prevents ? from entering the respiratory system when it’s closed

A

Air

food

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40
Q

The ? acts as the top valve and the ? acts as the rest of the valve (respiratory system)

A

Epiglottis

Larynx

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41
Q

Is the larynx usually open or closed? What does this mean for the respiratory system?

A

Open, which keeps the respiratory system open

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42
Q

What happens to the larynx and epiglottis when you swallow?

A

The larynx rises, effectively closing itself off against the epiglottis

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43
Q

What is the epiglottis made of? What is the purpose of this?

A

Elastic cartilage so as food passes it will fold down to aid the seal

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44
Q

How does the larynx produce the sound that is made into speech?

A

Vocal cords (vocal folds)

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45
Q

Vocal cords/ folds are ligaments made of ?

A

Elastin

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46
Q

When vocal cords are pulled tight by muscles, they ? When air flows past

A

Vibrate

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47
Q

How do vocal cords produce high notes?

A

If you pull them very tight, they vibrate fast

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48
Q

How do the vocal cords produce low notes?

A

If you relax them, they vibrate slowly

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49
Q

How do you make loud sounds?

A

By blowing hard

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50
Q

How do you make soft sounds?

A

By blowing soft

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51
Q

Actual speech is made by…

A

Changing the shape of the pharynx, oral cavity, and moving the tongue and lips

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52
Q

Glottis

A

The hole between the vocal cords

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53
Q

How can you completely close the glottis?

A

Through muscular contractions of the vestibular fold

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54
Q

What is the vestibular fold superior to?

A

The vocal fold

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55
Q

What makes us cough?

A

The closing of the glottis followed by a rapid outpouring of air

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56
Q

5-inch long tube that runs from the larynx to the lungs

A

Trachea

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57
Q

Trachea is made of ?? Connective tissue, ? Muscle, and 15 to 20 C shaped rings of ??

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue
Smooth muscle
Hyaline cartilage

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58
Q

Just beneath the pseudostratified columnar epithelia of the trachea are ??

A

Seromucous glands

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59
Q

This holds the trachea open like rings in a vacuum cleaner hose

A

Hyaline cartilage

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60
Q

Why are the rings of the trachea C shaped?

A

So that the esophagus can expand into the trachea when a large bite of food travels down

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61
Q

At the end of the trachea, we pick up the mucous sheet again. It had ended with the ? and didn’t pick up again until under the ??

A

Nasopharynx

Vocal cords

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62
Q

The rich supply of goblet cells in the trachea are located where?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelia

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63
Q

These are deeper in the tissue of the trachea that make a nice watery mucous

A

Seromucous glands

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64
Q

The mucous in the trachea and the rest of the lower respiratory system traps these 2 things

A

Dust and pathogens

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65
Q

The ? beat and transport the dirty mucous to the top of the ? where it is swallowed.

A

Cilia

Larynx

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66
Q

What is the function of the trachea?

A

Hold the tubes open and prevent negative pressure from causing collapsion

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67
Q

The bottom of the trachea divides into 2 tubes called the ??. One goes to the right lung and one goes to the left

A

Primary bronchi

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68
Q

Inside the lungs, the primary bronchi divide into ?? each one going to a lobe in the lungs

A

Secondary bronchi

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69
Q

How many secondary bronchi (lobes) are in the right lung?

A

3

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70
Q

How many secondary bronchi (lobes) are in the left lung?

A

2

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71
Q

diameter of bronchioles

A

1mm

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72
Q

where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?

A

alveoli

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73
Q

the larynx has big pieces of what kind of cartilage?

A

hyaline

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74
Q

the trachea has cartilage (?)

A

rings

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75
Q

do most of the bronchi have some type of cartilage?

A

yes

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76
Q

in the lungs, as the tubes get smaller, the relative amount of smooth muscle gets (?)

A

larger

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77
Q

bronchodilate and bronchoconstrict

A

the bronchioles have a lot of smooth muscle in their walls and will change diameter

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78
Q

what type of muscle routes air flow?

A

smooth muscle

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79
Q

in the respiratory system, what does compliance mean?

A

flexibility

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80
Q

what is partially responsible for compliance in the lungs?

A

elastic fibers

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81
Q

once you get to the end of the bronchioles, particles are handled by the…

A

macrophages

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82
Q

what do silica and asbestos do in the lungs?

A

poison the macrophages and cause a really nasty death

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83
Q

what affects the toxicity of silica and asbestos?

A

the size of the particles and their composition

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84
Q

when do the capillary beds open and close?

A

open in high O2 and close in the opposite case

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85
Q

when do the bronchioles open and contract?

A

open when CO2 is high and contract when CO2 is low

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86
Q

what is the systemic artery that supplies blood to the respiratory tree called?

A

the bronchial artery

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87
Q

most of the blood returns to the heart via…

A

the pulmonary veins

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88
Q

the thoracic cavity shape

A

roughly bullet shaped

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89
Q

floor of the thoracic cavity

A

diaphragm

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90
Q

walls of the thoracic cavity are formed by…

A

the rib cage

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91
Q

2 ways you can change the volume of the thoracic cavity

A
  • movement of the diaphragm

- movement of the ribs

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92
Q

shape of the diaphragm at rest

A

relatively dome shaped

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93
Q

what does the contraction of the diaphragm do to its shape?

A

the dome goes down

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94
Q

what does the contraction of the diaphragm do to the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

increases it

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95
Q

do the ribs slope upward or downward from the vertebra?

A

downward

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96
Q

when the ribs are lifted, they move inward or outward?

A

outward

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97
Q

what does the outward movement of the ribs do to the volume of the thoracic cavity?

A

increases it

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98
Q

how are the lungs very similar to a latex balloon?

A

there are lots of elastic fibers embedded in the tissues of the lungs

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99
Q

what would happen if the elastic fibers were suddenly pulled out of the thoracic cavity?

A

the lungs would collapse

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100
Q

2 factors why the lungs would collapse if the elastic fibers were removed

A

elastic recoil

surface tension

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101
Q

2 reasons your lungs don’t collapse

A

the pleura

surfactant

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102
Q

the lungs are covered in a (?) pleura

A

visceral

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103
Q

the thoracic cavity is lined with a (?) pleura

A

parietal

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104
Q

there is a small amount of ? between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura

A

serous fluid

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105
Q

the lungs are stuck to the walls of the thoracic cavity by a combination of these 2 things

A 
surface tension
parietal vacuum (negative pressure)
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106
Q

the negative pressure is maintained by…

A

the flaps of the lymph capillaries

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107
Q

what happens if the lungs try to collapse past the minimum volume of the thoracic cavity? what does this do?

A

more negative pressure is created in the pleural cavity, which prevents the lungs from collapsing further

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108
Q

pneumothorax

A

lungs are free to collapse to their full extent

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109
Q

when can pneumothorax occur?

A

with something like a bullet of broken rib (breaking the parietal vacuum)

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110
Q

what kind of cells secrete surfactant and where?

A

alveolar type 2 cells in the alveoli

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111
Q

what is surfactant?

A

a lipoprotein that acts like a detergent reducing surface tension 5 to 7 fold

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112
Q

premature infants have a very hard time inflating their lungs because they lack

A

surfactant

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113
Q

define tidal volume

A

amount of air you move in and out of your lungs during quiet breathing

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114
Q

what is the average tidal volume in males and females?

A

500 mL

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115
Q

how is tidal volume achieved?

A

by contracting your diaphragm and external intercostals

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116
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

the amount of air that enters your lungs during inspiration movements (taking a deep breath)

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117
Q

inspiratory volume in males and females

A 
males= 3000 mL
females= 1900 mL
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118
Q

the air you took in during tidal breathing and the forced inspiration is all exhaled due to ?? of the lungs and thoracic cavity

A

elastic recoil

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119
Q

after elastic recoil, exhalation requires…

A

muscles

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120
Q

residual volume

A

volume of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

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121
Q

residual volume in males and females

A 
males= 1200mL
females= 1100 mL
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122
Q

add tidal volume to inspiratory reserve volume and expiratory reserve volume and get…

A

vital capacity

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123
Q

vital capacity in males and females

A 
males= 4600mL
females= 3100mL
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124
Q

vital capacity (tidal volume +inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve) + residual volume = ?

A

the total lung capacity

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125
Q

total lung capacity in males and females

A 
males= 5800mL
females= 4200mL
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126
Q

the alveoli are balloons of ? epithelium covered with a network of ? and ?

A

simple squamous
capillaries
elastic fibers

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127
Q

the simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli are also called

A

alveolar type 1 cells

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128
Q

3 types of cells in alveolar structure

A

simple squamous epithelium (alveolar type 1 cells)
alveolar type 2 cels
macrophages

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129
Q

the capillaries in the respiratory system are made of what kind of tissue?

A

simple squamous epithelium

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130
Q

the only thing between the blood and the air in the alveolus is a thin membrane consisting of…

A

2 simple squamous cells and the basement membrane between them

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131
Q

the double epithelium in the alveolus is called the

A

respiratory membrane (simple squamous sandwich)

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132
Q

you have about ? square meters of respiratory membrane, which is about ? square feet

A

90 square meters, 1000 square feet

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133
Q

is it easy or difficult for oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through a wet membrane?

A

easy

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134
Q

how do oxygen and carbon dioxide cross the respiratory membrane?

A

simple diffusion

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135
Q

alveolar type 2 cells secrete ? which helps keep the surfaces moist, and reduces the surface tension

A

surfactant

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136
Q

these cells in the alveolar structure crawl around and gobble up debris

A

macrophages

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137
Q

partial pressure

A

the concentration of gases in a mixture

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138
Q

partial pressure is measured in…

A

mmHg

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139
Q

air pressure at sea level

A

760 mmHg

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140
Q

what percent of air is oxygen?

A

20.9%

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141
Q

percent of gas x total pressure = ?

A

partial pressure

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142
Q

partial pressure of oxygen at sea level

A

159 mmHg

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143
Q

Dalton’s law deals with..

A

partial pressure

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144
Q

according to Boyle’s law, what is the relationship between space and pressure?

A

when you make a space bigger the pressure of the gas that fills the space goes down. if you make a space smaller the pressure goes up

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145
Q

how do gases move in and out of the blood?

A

diffusion

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146
Q

is there more oxygen in the alveolus or the blood?

A

alveolus

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147
Q

is there more oxygen in the tissues or the blood?

A

blood

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148
Q

is there more carbon dioxide in the alveolus or the blood?

A

blood

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149
Q

is there more carbon dioxide in the tissues or the blood?

A

tissues

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150
Q

true or false:

some of the oxygen in our blood is carried in the plasma

A

true

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151
Q

can the plasma carry enough oxygen by itself?

A

no

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152
Q

the plasma carries ?% of the oxygen we need

A

1.5%

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153
Q

most of the oxygen carried is bound to the ? of the red blood cell

A

hemoglobin

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154
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin bound to oxygen

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155
Q

deoxyhemoglobin

A

hemoglobin without oxygen

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156
Q

how many oxygen molecules can each hemoglobin molecule carry?

A

4

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157
Q

normally around ?% (the first oxygen molecule) is lost during normal blood flow

A

25%

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158
Q

3 conditions that encourage the unloading of oxyegn by hemoglobin

A

1 low oxygen concentration
2 a rise in temperature; active tissues are warmer
3 a drop in pH

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159
Q

what does increased carbon dioxide concentration do to the pH?

A

lowers pH

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160
Q

CO2 is picked up by ? at the tissues and is carried back to the lungs for ?

A

blood

disposal

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161
Q

? moves from tissues to the lungs

? moves from the lungs to the tissues

A

carbon dioxide

oxygen

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162
Q

to balance the outflow of bicarbonate, an equal amount of chloride ions diffuse into the RBCs. this is called…

A

the chloride shift

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163
Q

these 2 parts of the nervous system control respiration

A

medulla and pons

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164
Q

where is the inspiratory center found?

A

the medulla

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165
Q

the inspiratory center is similar to something we recently learned about…

A

the pacemaker of the heart

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166
Q

the inspiratory center spontaneously depolarizes how many times in a minute? and where does it send the AP?

A

12 to 18

phrenic nerves

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167
Q

the phrenic nerves run these 2 things

A

diaphragm

intercostals

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168
Q

the rate of depolarization and action potential by the inspiratory pacemaker is normally regulated by…

A

the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

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169
Q

the main chemical that controls breathing

A

CO2

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170
Q

3 functions of the digestive system

A

1 disassemble the complex molecules in our food
2 to absorb the simple molecules into our body
3 expel undigested material

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171
Q

Ingestion

A

Take food into the digestive system

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172
Q

Propulsion

A

The process of moving food through the digestive system

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173
Q

Propulsion includes 2 things that involve rhythmic waves of muscle contractions that move along a tube

A

Swallowing and peristalsis

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174
Q

2 kinds of digestion

A

Mechanical digestion

Chemical digestion

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175
Q

Type of digestion that physically breaks down food into smaller pieces (chewing) or mixes food with digestive enzymes (segmentation and churning)

A

Mechanical digestion

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176
Q

Type of digestion where the larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by enzymes

A

Chemical digestion

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177
Q

Absorption

A

The transport of the smaller molecules from the digestive system into the blood and lymph (circulatory system)

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178
Q

Defecation

A

The elimination of undigested residue from the body as feces via the anus

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179
Q

The nasal cavity and bony structures are covered with…

A

Mucous membranes

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180
Q

5 types of cells/ structures you will find in the mucous membrane

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
  • goblet cells
  • mucous glands
  • serous glands
  • blood vessels
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181
Q

The nose hairs act as a ? For things like bugs

A

Coarse pre-filter

182
Q

The nasal ? Cause the air to whirl around and many particles trapped by sticky mucous

A

Conchae

183
Q

What happens to the dirty mucous in the nasal cavity?

A

It is swept by cilia to the pharynx where it is swallowed and digested

184
Q

What does the cribriform plate support?

A

Olfactory epithelia

185
Q

What happens when food goes down the wrong tube?

A

You engage the cough reflex to fix your mistake

186
Q

What happens to the c rings of the trachea when you cough? What does this do?

A

They close up. This decrease in diameter creates an increase in velocity

187
Q 
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi 
(A whole lot of branching)
?
(Get smaller still)
?
?
A

Bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveoli

188
Q

The alveoli does gas exchange, but what do all the other structures in the lung basically do?

A

Distribute the air, move the air, and condition the air

189
Q

Epithelia of the bronchi in the lungs

A

Pseudostratified columnar

190
Q

As you approach the bronchioles (from the bronchi), the epithelium switches to…

A

Ciliated columnar

191
Q

Epithelium that lines the bronchioles

A

Ciliated cuboidal

192
Q

Epithelium that lines the alveoli

A

Simple squamous

193
Q

True or false:

The capillary beds of the lungs are triggered by conditions that are the same as those of the systemic capillaries

A

False, opposite

194
Q

Tissue capillaries open when…

A

O2 is low

195
Q

Lung capillaries open when…

A

O2 is high

196
Q

Lung bronchioles open when…

A

O2 is low

197
Q

This happens when all of the elastic fibers in the lungs are under tension (even when you have exhaled all you can, they can go farther)

A

Elastic recoil

198
Q

This happens when the inside of the lungs are wet, water tries to hydrogen bond with water it tries to pull your lungs shut like wet toilet paper

A

Surface tension

199
Q

Partial vacuum created between the 2 layers in the pleural cavity is ?mmHg

A

-4 mmHg

200
Q

What happened to premature infants that lacked surfactant before treatment was available?

A

They just ran out of energy to breathe

201
Q

When you begin to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, ? Is created in the pleural cavity

A

Slight negative pressure

202
Q

With negative pressure, the lung are literally pulled up with the ? And ?

A

Ribs and diaphragm

203
Q

Negative pressure in the lungs causes air to flow from a ? Pressure, namely the outside, to a ? Pressure area, your lungs

A

Higher pressure to lower pressure

204
Q

In expiration, the ?? Pull down on the rib cage and the ? Push the viscera against the diaphragm pushing it further into the thoracic cavity.

A

Internal intercostals

Abdominals

205
Q

Expiratory reserve volume in males and females

A

Males 1100 mL

Females 700 mL

206
Q

Maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position

A

Expiratory reserve volume

207
Q

Because of all the cartilage and elastic tissue, even when you let out as much air as you can, there is still…

A

Residual volume

208
Q

Following a concentration gradient, O2 moves from ? To ? To ?

A

Lungs-> blood -> tissyes

209
Q

Following a concentration gradient, CO2 moves from ? To ? To ?

A

Tissues to blood to lungs

210
Q

What is the P(CO2) in air?

A

0.3 mmHg

211
Q

Hemoglobin:

1st oxygen comes off easily, it takes greater ? To pull the 2nd, a greater for the 3rd and so on

A

Concentration gradient (lower PO2)

212
Q

If oxygen levels drop lower, such as in you gastrocnemius during running, more oxygen will leave the…

A

Hemoglobin

213
Q

The opposite conditions of the unloading of oxygen by hemoglobin will encourage…

A

The uptake of oxygen

214
Q

How CO2 is carried in the blood:
10% ?
20-30% ?
60-70% ?

A

10% is carried as CO2 in the plasma
20-30% is carried by hemoglobin (it’s bound to a different site than O2)
60-70% is carried by bicarbonate in the plasma

215
Q

Pepsi equation:

Bicarbonate diffuses out of the?, the hydrogen ion is bound to the ?

A

Plasma

Hemoglobin

216
Q

What is the role of proteins in pH?

A

Buffers

217
Q

An enzyme called ?? In the RBC accelerates the Pepsi equatuon in both directions

A

Carbonic anhydrase

218
Q

Where does this occur?
CO2 diffuses from the plasma to the alveoli, it releases the hemoglobin, travels through the plasma and enters the alveoli, and chloride passes out

A

Lungs

219
Q

?? Catalyzes a rapid reversal of the Pepsi equation and that all of the CO2 also diffuses out

A

Carbonic anhydrase

220
Q

What makes you exhale?

A

Elastic recoil

221
Q

is it harder to detect oxygen levels or CO2 levels?

A

oxygen

222
Q

if respiration is not keeping up, what happens to the CO2 levels of the blood?

A

they start to rise

223
Q

because of the pepsi equation, an increase in carbon dioxide causes an increase in ? concentration. what does this mean for hemoglobin?

A

H+

hemoglobin can’t hold all the H+

224
Q

who diffuses into the cerebrospinal fluid and increases the rate of depolarization of the respiratory centers? what does this do to the respiration rate?

A

the hydrogen ions

this increases the respiration rate

225
Q

do we have sensors for oxygen? if so, where are they?

A

yes, in the carotid sinus

226
Q

who normally controls respiration (chemical wise)?

A

CO2

227
Q

if the CO2 system is not good enough fro the basic control of breathing, what happens?

A

the O2 detectors will take over and respiration will be controlled by O2. you are now controlled by the hypoxic drive

228
Q

when can you be controlled by hypoxic drive? (3)

A

at high alititude
people with chronic lung disease
usually when your pO2 is below 60 mmHg

229
Q

where are most of the digestive organs found?

A

the abdominopelvic cavity

230
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

covers the digestive organs

231
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

covers the body wall

232
Q

the visceral and parietal peritoneum are membranes that secrete what?

A

serous fluid

233
Q

what does serous fluid help with in the digestive system?

A

lubricate the moving digestive organs

234
Q

most of the organs are suspended fro the abdominopelvic cavity by a double layer of serous membranes called the…

A

mesentery

235
Q

the mesentery provides a route for 3 things

A

blood vessels
lymph vessels
nerves

236
Q

from the ? to the ? the GI tract can be divided into 4 layers

A

esophagus to the anal canal

237
Q

4 layers of the GI tract going from the inside out

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa

238
Q

the GI tract is also known as

A

the Alimentary canal

239
Q

structure of the mucosa

A

a layer of epithelia, either stratified squamous or simple columnar, with a little loose connective tissue to back it up (think stratified squamous on the ends and columnar in the middle)

240
Q

3 basic functions of the mucosa

A

protection
absorption
secretion

241
Q

how does the mucosa protect?

A

mucous from glands and goblet cells

242
Q

how does the mucosa use absorption?

A

carry the nutrients from the digestive system to the blood and lymph

243
Q

the mucosa secretes 3 things

A

mucous
hormones
digestive enzymes

244
Q

submucosa is mostly what tissue?

A

connective tissue

245
Q

this layer of the GI tract contains the major blood, lymph, and nervous supply of the digestive system

A

submucosa

246
Q

in some places, the submucosa has extra glands, like…

A

the duodenal glands

247
Q

muscularis structure

A

a 2 (sometimes 3) layer system of smooth muscle (skeletal in the esophagus). the inner muscles run in a circle, the outer layer consists of longitudinal muscles.

248
Q

together, the layers of the muscularis are responsible for ? and ?

A

peristalsis and segmentation

249
Q

serosa

A

the outer layer of all organs is either a thin visceral serous membrane, or a thicker fibrous membrane called the adventitia

250
Q

where are parasympathetic ganglia found?

A

on the surface of the organs

251
Q

an extensive system of nerves and neurons on and in the digestive system that are collectively called…

A

the enteric nervous system

252
Q

esophagus length

A

10 inches

253
Q

stomach length

A

10 inches to a foot

254
Q

small intestines length

A

8 to 13 feet, 21 feet when dead because they shrink up with muscle tone

255
Q

large intestines length

A

4.5 feet

256
Q

we secrete about how many liters in fluid into the digestive system in a day? how much of this do we reabsorb?

A

10 liters, we reabsorb 9 liters, leaving a net loss of a liter a day

257
Q

lips and cheeks serve what function in the digestive system?

A

necessary for mastication (chewing), they help position the food, and for speech

258
Q

forms the roof of your mouth and divides the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. it is backed up by bone

A

hard palate

259
Q

what is just posterior to the hard palate that forms the upper back part of your mouth?

A

the soft palate

260
Q

the little floppy thing that hangs from the soft palate

A

uvula

261
Q

when you swallow, how does your body ensure the food wont go up your nose?

A

the soft palate rises to close off the nasal cavity

262
Q

this manipulated the food while it is being masticated and mixes it with saliva into a ball called a bolus

A

tongue

263
Q

tongue is made up of what kind of muscle and epithelia?

A

made of skeletal muscle and is covered by stratified squamous epithelia

264
Q

the tongue is covered with bumps called…

A

papillae

265
Q

some of the ? make the tongue rough, some have taste buds

A

papillae

266
Q

bone like structures that are embedded in the upper and lower jaw

A

the teeth

267
Q

are the teeth made of bone?

A

no, but their tissues most closely resembles bone without any blood vessels

268
Q

the teeth turn big chunks of food into little chunks, a form of ? digestion

A

mechanical

269
Q

2 types of salivary glands

A

extrinsic

intrinsic

270
Q

3 big salivary glands are intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic

271
Q

a bunch of little scattered salivary glands around the oral mucosa

A

intrinsic salivary glands

272
Q

3 extrinsic salivary glands

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

273
Q

where are the parotid extrinsic salivary glands located?

A

just anterior to the ear and superficial to the masseter

274
Q

these extrinsic glands go nuts when you eat something sour

A

parotid

275
Q

where are the submandibular extrinsic salivary glands?

A

runs along the medial side of the body of the mandible

276
Q

where do the ducts of the submandibular salivary glands appear?

A

under the tongue on either side of the lingual frenulum

277
Q

where are the sublingual salivary glands?

A

under the tongue on either side

278
Q

what do the extrinsic salivary glands produce?

A

saliva

279
Q

5 things in saliva

A 
water
some ions
salivary amylase
mucin
lysozyme and IgA
(some animals have an epidermal growth hormone)
280
Q

salivary amylase

A

an enzyme that digests carbohydrates

281
Q

mucin

A

the active ingredient in mucous

282
Q

what do lysozyme and IgA do?

A

help control bacteria

283
Q

these glands secrete all the time to keep the mouth moist

A

intrinsic salivary glands

284
Q

what stimulates extrinsic glands?

A

the sight, smell, or just the thought of food

285
Q

these salivary glands respond to the presence of anything in the mouth

A

extrinsic salivary glands

286
Q

the nervous control of digestion is done by what kind of nerves?

A

parasympathetic nerves

287
Q

3 steps of the cephalic stage of digestion

A

1 the extrinsic salivary glands will being to secrete
2 the stomach will begin to secrete gastric juice
3 the pancreas will being to secrete pancreatic juice

288
Q

the stimulation of the brain in the digestive system is called…

A

the cephalic stage of digestion

289
Q

5 functions that the components of saliva perform

A
  • cleans the mouth
  • dissolves chemicals for taste
  • add moisture and “glue” to help form the food into a bolus
  • start the digestion of starch
  • a little disease protection
290
Q

some reflex pathways will pick up after the cephalic phase of digestion, but they need the physical presence of ? to turn them on

A

food

291
Q

the pharynx:

food passes through the ? to the ?

A

oropharynx

laryngopharynx

292
Q

the only function of the esophagus

A

transport the food from the pharynx to the stomach (propulsion)

293
Q

3 layers of the esophagus

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis

294
Q

does the esophagus have a serosa?

A

no, its attached to the structures around it with a fibrous adventitia

295
Q

first step of swallowing

A

the buccal phase

296
Q

the ? pushes the bolus of food against the ?? and forces it into the ?

A

tongue
hard palate
oropharynx

297
Q

swallowing is also known as

A

the deglutition reflex

298
Q

what is the deglutition reflex run by?

A

the brainstem

299
Q

the food is propelled by peristalsis through the pharynx, into the ?, past the ? sphincter and into the stomach

A

esophagus

cardiac sphincter

300
Q

what prevents the bolus of food from going back out the mouth?

A

the tongue

301
Q

what prevents the bolus of food from going up the nose?

A

when the food hits the back of the oral cavity it pushes the soft palate back and closes off the nasal cavity

302
Q

what prevents the bolus food food from going down the larynx?

A

when you swallow the larynx rises up against the epiglottis, the epiglottic is bent down by the passing bolus of food and closes the larynx

303
Q

this carries foods, liquids, and saliva from the mouth to the stomach

A

the esophagus

304
Q

which cavity is the stomach located in?

A

the abdominal cavity

305
Q

the esophagus travels through the thoracic cavity, crosses the diaphragm and enters the ? at the top of the abdominal cavity

A

stomach

306
Q

how much can the stomach hold when completely distended?

A

almost a gallon

307
Q

10 inches long and lies just below the diaphragm towards the left side of the body

A

stomach

308
Q

main 3 functions of the stomach

A

storage
protein digestion
production of intrinsic factor

309
Q

intrinsic factor

A

made by the stomach to allow B12 absorption in the small intestine

310
Q

the anterior end of the stomach has a valve called the…

A

cardiac sphincter

311
Q

the posterior end of the stomach has a valve called the…

A

pyloric sphincter

312
Q

the lining of the stomach has longitudinal folds called…

A

rugae

313
Q

oblique layer

A

extra layer of muscle in the muscularis of the stomach

314
Q

the oblique layer of the stomach allows for…

A

extra types of movement to help mx the food with gastric juice

315
Q

what makes the muscularis of the stomach unique?

A

it has 3 layers

316
Q

mucosa of the stomach under a microscope is relatively level, with holes called ?? every so often

A

gastric pits

317
Q

wen you look at the stomach mucosa from the side in a slide, the ?? were seen in the top quarter of the mucosa

A

gastric pits

318
Q

emptying into the gastric pits are ??

A

the gastric glands

319
Q

4 types of cells in gastric glands

A

chief cells
parietal cells
mucous cells
G cells

320
Q

chief cells secrete…

A

pepsinogen

321
Q

when pepsinogen comes in contact with HCl it is converted into a powerful protease called…

A

pepsin

322
Q

what would pepsin do if it was not produced in an inactive form?

A

it would digest the cell that made it

323
Q

chief cells secrete a ? which starts the digestion of lipids

A

lipase

324
Q

parietal cells produce the ? which main purpose if to provide an acid environment to activate ?

A

HCl

pepsinogen

325
Q

does HCl do any chemical digestion?

A

no

326
Q

what do mucous cells produce?

A

mucous

327
Q

which 3 cells of the gastric glands produce the gastric juice?

A

chief cells, parietal cells, and mucous cells

328
Q

G cells are also known as

A

enteroendocrine cells

329
Q

what do G cells secrete?

A

gastrin

330
Q

a few minutes after the food enters the stomach, ???? start to mix the food with the gastric juice to form a material called ?

A

rhythmic waves of contraction

chyme

331
Q

in adults, the main chemical digestion is…

A

protein digestion and some lipid digestion

332
Q

the pepsinogen turns to pepsin in the presence of ? and beings to break proteins into small fragments

A

HCl

333
Q

why don’t you digest your stomach?

A

mucous shield also shields you from H. pylori

plus you replace all the simple columnar epithelium every 3-6 days

334
Q

before the food has arrived, gastric secretion is already started by the…

A

cephalic phase of digestion (the sight/ smell/ thought of food)

335
Q

is the vagus nerve sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

336
Q

as food enters the stomach, the walls of the stomach distend, this is detected by nerves, then what happens?

A

the nerves tell the medulla to tell the Vagus nerve to tell (by stimulating) the stomach to secrete more gastric juice

337
Q

what causes the secretion of the hormone gastrin in the stomach?

A

the presence of partially digested proteins and caffine

338
Q

the secretion of the hormone gastrin causes 4 things

A
  • increased secretion of gastric juice
  • increased motility (more movement)
  • constricts the cardiac sphincter
  • relaxes the pyloric sphincter
339
Q

what happens when the pH of the stomach drops below 2? Why?

A

gastric secretion is inhibited

Because acid exceeds the buffering capacity of the protein

340
Q

emotions can affect the reflex of…

A

gastric secretion

341
Q

true or false

all digestion is sympathetic

A

false, it is parasympathetic

342
Q

effects of depression on digestive system

A

can cause a lack of appetite, the food doesn’t make your mouth water

343
Q

effects of anxiety on digestive system

A

can suppress your appetite

344
Q

how often does the pacemaker of the stomach fire?

A

every 20 seconds

345
Q

the ?? acts like a filter by only letting a small amount of chyme (a few mL) to leave at each contraction

A

pyloric sphincter

346
Q

Pancreatic juice contains lots of ?? To neutralize the HCl

A

Bicarbonate ions

347
Q

4 types of digestive enzymes in pancreatic juice and what they are used for

A

Proteases for protein
Lipase for lipids
Amylases for starch
Nucleases for nucleic acids

348
Q

Some regulation of pancreatic juice is produced by the ? Stage of digestion

A

Cephalic

349
Q

What does cholecystokinin produce?

Where is it found?

A

Enzymes

Pancreas

350
Q

What does secretin produce? Where is it found?

A

Bicarbonate

Pancreas

351
Q

Most of the production of pancreatic juice is stimulated by these 2 things

A

Cholecystokinin and secretin

352
Q

3 main functions of large intestine

A

-reabsorb water from the chyme to produce feces
-absorb some vitamins B and K
-defecation
Plus it produces flammable flatus

353
Q

The large intestine starts at the ? And ends at the ?

A

Ileocecal valve

Anus

354
Q

What does the ileocecal valve prevent?

A

The backflow of the colon into the small intestines

355
Q

Below the ileocecal valve is the ?

A

Cecum

356
Q

A small pouch that has a small appendage called the appendix

A

Cecum

357
Q

The ? colon runs up the right side of the abdominal wall

A

Ascending colon

358
Q

The ? colon runs just under the stomach

A

Transverse colon

359
Q

This part of the colon makes most of the noise

A

Transverse colon

360
Q

The ? colon travels down the left side of the abdominal cavity

A

Descending colon

361
Q

The ? Colon makes an s shaped turn called the ?

A

Descending colon

Sigmoid colon

362
Q

The descending colon becomes a short muscular tube called the ?

A

Rectum

363
Q

The rectum enter the ?? At which ends the anus

A

Anal canal

364
Q

This part of the large intestine penetrates from the pelvic cavity to the outside

A

Anal cavity

365
Q

The mucosa of the large intestine has this epithelia until the rectum

A

Simple columnar

366
Q

Intestinal glands that produce mucous without any villi

A

Large intestine

367
Q

What cells are in the mucosa of the large intestine (not epithelia)

A

Goblet cells

368
Q

2 anal sphincters and what they’re made of

A

Inner- smooth muscle

Outer- skeletal muscle

369
Q

The stretching of the rectum cause the nervous system to do 2 things

A
  1. Contract the sigmoid colon and rectum

2. Relax the internal anal sphincter

370
Q

How do you move your rib cage outward?

A

Contracting the diaphragm and external intercostals more vigorously

371
Q

increase the speed of inspiration by adding these 2 things

A

pectoralis minors and sternocleidomastoids

372
Q

the really acidic stuff that can dissolve enamel if you puke a lot or can dissolve the bottom of your esophagus

A

pepsinogen (that turns to pepsin in the presence of HCl)

373
Q

can sympathetic nerve impulses and some drugs affect the nervous control of gastric secretion?

A

yes

374
Q

as the chyme begins to be pushed through the pyloric sphincter, the acidic chyme begins to distend the duodenum setting off the ??

A

enterogastric reflex

375
Q

how the digestive system tells you that you’re full:

nerve impulses tell the ? to tell the stomach to stop secreting, clamp down on the ?? and reduce ?

A

medulla
pyloric sphincter
motility

376
Q

3 hormones produces to inhibit gastric secretion and motility (as well as do other things)

A

secretin
cholecystokinin
vasoactive intestinal peptide (gastric inhibitory peptide)

377
Q

whole point of intestinal regulation of gastric secretion is to have the stomach empty until the ? is full

A

duodenum

378
Q

when the ? is full, the stomach stops until it can handle some more

A

duodenum

379
Q

gastric secretion is regulated by 2 mechanisms

A

hormonal and neural

380
Q

regulation of gastric secretion (production of gastric juice) occurs in 3 phases

A

cephalic
gastric
intestinal

381
Q

what happens in the cephalic and gastric phases of regulation of gastric secretion?

A

secretion and motility are stimulated

382
Q

what happens in the intestinal phase of the regulation of gastric secretion?

A

secretion and motility are inhibited

383
Q

the production of gastrin is stimulated by the presence of…

A

partially digested proteins

some other stuff like caffeine

384
Q

gastrin causes the stomach to do 4 things

A

secrete more gastric juice
move more
constrict the pyloric sphincter

385
Q

gastric emptying is stimulated by

A

gastrin

386
Q

gastric emptying is inhibited by 4 things

A

cholecystokinin
secretin
gastric inhibitory peptide
enterogastric reflex

387
Q

the small intestine runs from the ?? to the ??

A

pyloric sphincter

ileocecal valve

388
Q

the small intestine is divided into how many segments?

A

3

389
Q

the ? is the first 10 inches of the small intestine

A

duodenum

390
Q

the duodenum receives secretions from ? and ?

A

liver

pancreas

391
Q

the middle section of the small intestines

A

jejunum

392
Q

last section of the small intestines

A

ileum

393
Q

almost all of the chemical digestion and absorption occurs here

A

small intestine

394
Q

the ? has structural modifications that help with digestion and absorption in the small intestines

A

mucosa

395
Q

the epithelium of the mucosa in the small intestines contains 2 things (and what are their functions)

A

simple columnar epithelium- carries out absorption

goblet cells- secrete mucous

396
Q

structural on columnar epithelial cells that increases the amount of membrane available for absorption and digestion

A

microvilli

397
Q

embedded into the surface of the microvilli are ?? which digest ? ? and ?

A

digestive enzymes

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

398
Q

the mucosa of the small intestines is folded into finger like projections called ?

A

villi

399
Q

function of villi

A

increase the surface area

400
Q

within each of the villi is a capillary bed and a lymph capillary called a ?

A

lacteal

401
Q

the mucosa and submucosa of the small intestines are folded into wrinkles called the ??

A

plica circulares

402
Q

the folding causes the small intestine to have around ? square feet

A

2200

403
Q

the pits in the mucosa of the small intestines are called ?? (or crypts) which secrete ??

A

intestinal glands

intestinal juice

404
Q

intestinal juice is made of 2 things

A

water

mucous

405
Q

why is intestinal juice produced?

A

to help provide fluid that helps in the processing of chyme

406
Q

where does epithelia turn over rapidly? (live fast and die young)

A

small intestines

407
Q

glands in the submucosa of the duodenum

A

duodenal glands

408
Q

what do duodenal glands secrete and what does this do?

A

alkaline mucous to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach

409
Q

where do you find Peyers patches?

A

submucosa of the ileum (intestines)

410
Q

clumps of lymphoid tissue that help fight infection

A

Peyers patches

411
Q

how much does the liver weigh?

A

3 lbs

412
Q

where is the liver located?

A

just under the diaphragm in the right hypochondrium

413
Q

2 blood vessels that enter the liver

A

hepatic artery

hepatic portal vein

414
Q

blood vessel that leaves the liver

A

hepatic vein

415
Q

the liver is made up of repeating subunits called…

A

lobules

416
Q

blood flows to the outside of the lobules from the ???

A

hepatic portal vein

417
Q

the blood filters through the liver through channels called…

A

sinusoids

418
Q

hepatocytes

A

liver cells that process the blood

419
Q

the sinusoids contain special macrophages called…

A

Kuppfer cells

420
Q

this layer of the GI tract contains the major blood, lymph, and nervous supply of the digestive system

A

submucosa

421
Q

in some places, the submucosa has extra glands, like…

A

the duodenal glands

422
Q

what do Kuppfer cells do?

A

phagocytize debris and pick up old RBCs

423
Q

about how many functions are carried out by the liver?

A

250

424
Q

as the blood leaves the sinusoids, it drains into the ?? and then eventually to the ?? an heads back to the heart

A

central canal

hepatic vein

425
Q

the ?? drains into the sinusoids bringing oxygen and whatever else the cell needs

A

hepatic artery

426
Q

bile canalliculi

A

channels between the sinusoids

427
Q

where do liver cells secrete bile?

A

into the bile canalliclui

428
Q

bile canalliculi and bile ducts join to eventually form the…

A

hepatic duct

429
Q

if digestion is not occcuring, the bile in the liver backs up the ? duct and is stored in the ??

A

cystic

gall bladder

430
Q

what happens if bile stays a while in the gallbladder?

A

the walls of the gall bladder slowly concentrate it

431
Q

composition of bile: 2 components that aid in digestion

A

1 bile salts and phospholipids

2 bile pigments

432
Q

function of bile salts and phospholipids

A

emulsify fats

433
Q

what is meant by “emulsify fats”?

A

break up the large fat droplets into small fat droplets

434
Q

the enzymes that digest fats

A

lipases

435
Q

what are the bile salts made from?

A

cholesterol

436
Q

normally the bile salts are recycled back to the ? through the ?

A

liver

ileum

437
Q

what happens if you prevent the reabsorption of bile salts?

A

the liver has to make new ones and that lowers your cholestrol

438
Q

what gives bile and feces their characteristic color?

A

bile pigments

439
Q

the chief component of bile pigments

A

bilirubin

440
Q

are there any lipases in bile?

A

no

441
Q

when acidic chyme loaded with fat enters the duodenum, ? is produced

A

cholecystokinin

442
Q

what stimulates the gall bladder to dump?

A

cholecystokinin

443
Q

the pancreas is part of 2 systems

A

digestion and endocrine

444
Q

where is the pancreas found?

A

just below the stomach, it lies on a horizontal plane

445
Q

these cells produce pancreatic juice

A

acinar cells

446
Q

pancreatic juice travels down the ?? and dumps into the ?

A

pancreatic duct

duodenum

447
Q

5 functions performed by the oral cavity

A 
speech
mastication (mechanical digestion)
salivary amylase (causes chemical digestion)
propulsion
tongue initiates swallowing reflex
448
Q

top 1/3 of the esophagus has ? muscle and the bottom 2/3 has ? muscle

A

skeletal muscle

smooth muscle

449
Q

part where the esophagus meets the stomach

A

cardiac sphincter

450
Q

prevents the back flow of stomach contents into the esophagus

A

cardiac sphincter

451
Q

mucosa of the esophagus

A

stratified squamous, protects by acting as a tough layer and has glands that secrete mucous to smooth the trip

452
Q

submucosa of the esophagus

A

some extra mucous glands

A&P 2 (1 decks)

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