lecture exam 3 study guide

Question 1

functions of respiratory anatomy

Answer 1

• exchange of gases
• ability to smell
• sound
• regulation of body’s pH
• blood pressure
• protection

Question 2

steps of respiratoin

Answer 2

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport, internal respiration

Question 3

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 3

the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs

Question 4

external respiration

Answer 4

the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood

Question 5

transport

Answer 5

gases traveling around the body via the blood

Question 6

internal respiration

Answer 6

the exchange of gases between the blood and tissues

Question 7

how is the respiratory system divided

Answer 7

structurally and functionallyco

Question 8

conducting division

Answer 8

structures that bring gases down to where external respiration will occur

Question 9

location of conducting division

Answer 9

structures above the lungs

Question 10

respiratory division

Answer 10

structures involved in external respiration

Question 11

location of respiratory division

Answer 11

structures in/below the lungs/alveoli

Question 12

structures included in the upper respiratory tract

Answer 12

nose, pharynx, larynx

Question 13

structures included in the lower respiratory tract

Answer 13

trachea, bronchi, lungs

Question 14

what is the larynx composed of

Answer 14

cartilage

Question 15

laryngeal prominence

Answer 15

adam’s apple

Question 16

epiglottis

Answer 16

a flap of tissue that covers the larynx; important in preventing food or other debris from traveling down the windpipe

Question 17

epiglottis location

Answer 17

above the hyoid bone

Question 18

glottis

Answer 18

the open space between the vocal folds

Question 19

true vocal chords

Answer 19

vibrate to make sound when air is passed through

Question 20

vestibular folds

Answer 20

false vocal chords; protect the vocal chords in case any debris bypasses the epiglottis

Question 21

do vestibular folds produce sound

Answer 21

no

Question 22

surfactant location

Answer 22

type I alveolar cells

Question 23

surfactant function

Answer 23

a detergent to help prevent the alveoli from collapsing on themselves; decreases surface tension

Question 24

where is surfactant produced

Answer 24

type II alveolar cells

Question 25

pleurisy

Answer 25

when too much friction occurs between the parietal and visceral pleura membranes; causes inflammation and makes breathing difficult

Question 26

parietal layer

Answer 26

attached to the chest wall; helps the lungs expands

Question 27

visceral layer

Answer 27

attached to the lungs; helps the lungs pull in and recoil

Question 28

intrapleural pressure

Answer 28

the pressure outside of the lungs in the thoracic cavity; must always be lower than intrapulmonary pressure

Question 29

intrapulmonary pressure

Answer 29

the pressure inside of the lungs

Question 30

why must intrapulmonary pressure always be greater than intrapleural pressure

Answer 30

so the lungs don't collapse on themselves

Question 31

eupnea

Answer 31

"quiet breathing"

Question 32

what type of process is quiet breathing

Answer 32

passive

Question 33

when you breathe in, what happens to your thoracic cavity

Answer 33

it expands

Question 34

when you breath in, what happens to the volume in your lungs

Answer 34

it expands

Question 35

when you breathe in, what happens to the pressure in your lungs

Answer 35

it decreases

Question 36

when you breathe out, what happens to your thoracic cavity

Answer 36

it compresses

Question 37

when you breathe out, what happens to the volume in your lungs

Answer 37

it decreases

Question 38

when you breathe out, what happens to the pressure in your lungs

Answer 38

it increases

Question 39

what muscles are required in eupnea

Answer 39

the diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 40

forced respiration

Answer 40

you are working harder to bring more air in/force more air out

Question 41

what type of process is forced respiration

Answer 41

active

Question 42

what muscles are required in forced inspiration

Answer 42

- pectoralis -sternocleidomastoid -serratus anterior

Question 43

what muscles are required in forced expiration

Answer 43

- internal intercostals - rectus abdominis

Question 44

boyle's law

Answer 44

p1v1=p2v2

Question 45

inherent rhythm

Answer 45

controlled by the CNS

Question 46

ventral respiratory group location

Answer 46

ventral end of medulla oblongata

Question 47

VRG function

Answer 47

controls your rate of breathing

Question 48

dorsal respiratory group location

Answer 48

dorsal end of medulla oblongata

Question 49

DRG function

Answer 49

communicates with other structures to alter breathing

Question 50

pontine respiratory group location

Answer 50

pons of the brainstem

Question 51

PRG function

Answer 51

passes information to the VRG and DRG from higher centers of the brain

Question 52

who does the VRG communicate with

Answer 52

the diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 53

how often does the VRG get signals from the inspiratory neurons

Answer 53

every 2 seconds

Question 54

what happens when the VRG gets a signal from inspiratory neurons

Answer 54

volume increases, pressure decreases, air flows into the lungs

Question 55

how often does the VRG get signals from the expiratory neurons

Answer 55

every 3 seconds

Question 56

goal of the VRG when they get a signal from the expiratory neurons

Answer 56

they make sure the muscles are able to relax

Question 57

what happens when the VRG gets signals from expiratory neurons

Answer 57

volume decreases, pressure increases, air flows out of the lungs

Question 58

how can you voluntarily change your breathing rhythm

Answer 58

motor input from the cerebellum can override

Question 59

how can you involuntarily change your breathing rhythm

Answer 59

the hypothalamus and limbic system

Question 60

how does the limbic system know to make alterations to breathing rhythm

Answer 60

your change in emotions

Question 61

how does the hypothalamus know to make alterations to breathing rhythm

Answer 61

your change in temperature

Question 62

irritant receptors location

Answer 62

in the lungs

Question 63

irritant receptors function

Answer 63

communicate if debris is in the lungs

Question 64

what happens when irritant receptors detect debris in the lungs

Answer 64

they cause you to cough in order to drive the irritant out

Question 65

types of mechanoreceptors

Answer 65

baroreceptors and proprioreceptors

Question 66

baroreceptors location

Answer 66

aortic arch and carotid sinus

Question 67

baroreceptors function

Answer 67

they are able to sense a change in stretch

Question 68

proprioreceptors location

Answer 68

muscles throughout the body

Question 69

proprioreceptors function

Answer 69

notice movement of the muscles associated with the lungs and breathing

Question 70

chemoreceptors

Answer 70

pay attention to chemical changes in the body

Question 71

central chemoreceptors location

Answer 71

medulla oblongata

Question 72

central chemoreceptors function

Answer 72

monitor changes in CO2 and H+ ions in the cerebral spinal fluid

Question 73

what do you want to happen when CO2 levels increase

Answer 73

increase your breathing rate

Question 74

what do you want to happen when CO2 levels decrease

Answer 74

decrease your breathing rate

Question 75

peripheral chemoreceptors location

Answer 75

aortic arch

Question 76

peripheral chemoreceptors function

Answer 76

monitors changes in CO2 and O2 in the blood

Question 77

what do you want to happen when O2 levels increase

Answer 77

decrease your breathing rate

Question 78

what do you want to happen when O2 levels decrease

Answer 78

increase your breathing rate

Question 79

apnea

Answer 79

temporary cessation of breathing

Question 80

dyspnea

Answer 80

labored, gasping breathing

Question 81

orthopnea

Answer 81

dyspnea that occurs when laying down

Question 82

hypernea

Answer 82

increased breathing in response to exercise or paint

Question 83

achypnea

Answer 83

accelerated breathing

Question 84

air flow

Answer 84

the amount of air that moves in and out of the respiratory tract with each breath

Question 85

true or false: airflow is directly related to the pressure gradient

Answer 85

true

Question 86

the more pressure difference

Answer 86

the faster airflow will occur

Question 87

the less pressure difference

Answer 87

the slow airflow will occur

Question 88

true or false: airflow is indirectly related to resistance

Answer 88

true

Question 89

as resistance increases

Answer 89

airflow decreases

Question 90

as resistance decreases

Answer 90

airflow increases

Question 91

ways to alter resistance

Answer 91

- diameter - collapse of alveoli - compliance

Question 92

diameter

Answer 92

change in diameter of the tubes that air flows through

Question 93

collapse of the alveoli

Answer 93

occurs when people smoke; no air is being delivered to this region of the lung

Question 94

compliance

Answer 94

the change of elasticity of the lung

Question 95

true or false: compliance decreases when you lose elastic tissue

Answer 95

true

Question 96

true or false: there is a direct relationship between elasticity and compliance

Answer 96

true

Question 97

true or false: there is an indirect relationship between elasticity and resistance

Question 98

bronchoconstriction

Answer 98

the narrowing of the bronchioles to increase resistance

Question 99

bronchodilation

Answer 99

the expansion of the bronchioles to decrease resistance