Lecture Final Flashcards by Harlea LaFrain

The series of chemical, biochemical, and physiological processes which transform food elements into body tissues and activities

nutrition

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

any chemical substance that can be used and is necessary for maintenance, production, and health of animals

nutrient

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the combination of mechanical, chemical, and enzymatic processes occurring in the GI tract that prepares ingested material for absorption by reducing particle size and increasing water solubility

digestion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

passage or movement of the end products of digestion (nutrients) through the wall of the GI tract to the general circulation (blood)

absorption

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

movement of nutrients from the absorptive sites to the various cells in the body via the bloodstream

distribution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

sum of all physical and chemical processes by which living, organized substance is produced and maintained

metabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

any constructive process by which simple substances are converted by living cells to more complex compounds

anabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

any deconstructive process by which complex substances are converted by living cells to more simple compounds

catabolism

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the removal from the body of unusable materials and waste products of metabolism

excretion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

any material of natural or synthetic origin, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them (may or may not contain all nutrients required by the animal)

feedstuff

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

combination of feedstuffs used to supply vitamins and nourishment to the animal

diet

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

amount of diet consumed by an animal in a 24-hour period

ration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

feed or feed mixture used with another diet to improve the nutritive balance of a diet and the performance of an animal (protein, vitamin, mineral)

supplement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

feedstuff which supplies nutrients high in energy and contains less than 18% crude fiber

concentrate

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

a feedstuff containing more than 18% crude fiber

roughage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Analytical method
- complete ID
- obtain a representative sample
- grain: obtain while filling or emptying
- hay: drill core is best

sampling

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Analytical Method
- most widely used
- includes DM, ash, Kjeldahl N, ether extract, CF, NFE

proximate analysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Ash

overall mineral

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Kjeldahl N

crude protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

ether extract

lipid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

crude fiber

carbs (non-digestible)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NFE

carbs (digestible)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Where are vitamins included in proximate analysis?

fat soluble: ether extract
water soluble: NFE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Analytical method
- partitioning fiber (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin)
- NDF, ADF, ADL

Van soest analysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

NDF

hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin

ADF

cellulose, lignin

ADL

lignin

Analytical method - computerized (rapid) and low cost - dry, grind, expose to infared light - each major organic compound reflects light differently - database is not yet large enough

NIRS (near infared reflectance spectroscopy)

Analytical method - not routinely done - usually biological assays - costly and time consuming

vitamin analysis

Dry matter basis

no water

as-fed basis

includes the water normally present in the feedstuffs

air-dry basis

~90% DM

As-fed to DM

nutrient concentration increases weight decreases

DM to as-fed

nutrient concentration decreases weight increases

supplies information about palatability and performance, but does not answer why

feeding trail

Digestion and metabolism trial procedure

- run PA on feed - feed known amount - collect feces - run PA on feces - calculate apparent digestibility

Apparent digestibility formula

100 x ((Nut. intake - Nut. feces)/Nut. intake)

Methods of fecal collection

metabolism stalls feces collection bags marker fed indicator method

collect urine and feces separately, animal must be able to lay down and stand freely - cons: no females, must bring food to them, digestion changes, environment change

metabolism stalls

- estimate fecal output - marker should be inert, contain no element under investigation, and not diffuse

marker fed

- chromic oxide, lignin, naturally occurring chromagen compounds - apparent digestibility = 100-100x(% ind in feed/% ind in feces)x(% nut in feces/% nut in feed)

indicator method

Measure of energy - principle limitation: does not account for important, sometimes substantial, energy losses: urine, gas, heat - over-estimates energy content of roughages - expressed by weight, not calories

total digestible nutrients (TDN)

TDN formula

100x((dig. CP + dig CF + dig NFE + (2.25xdig EE))/lb consumed)

Energy flow chart

GE -> DE -> NE (NEm+NEp) - fecal energy = GE-DE - urine, gas energy = DE-ME - heat energy = ME-NE

Carbonaceous concentrates

cereal grains grain milling by-products other high energy feeds

- contain large quantities of carbs - most are processed - less than 20% CP and less than 18% fiber - high energy, low fiber, low CP

cereal grains

cereal grains include

corn, sorghum grain (milo), oats, barley, rye, wheat and rice, millet and triticale

- widely used - very low in Ca, Lys, and Trp

corn

- 95-98% feeding value of corn (monogastrics) - 85-90% feeding value of corn (ruminants) - must be processed for monogastrics - higher than corn in CP but variable (8-12%) - drought resistant value for ruminants - tannins (toxic factor, affect CP digestion)

sorghum grain (milo)

- 85% feeding value of corn - very palatable high fiber - groats (hulled) are equal to corn

oats

- 88-90% feeding value of corn (ruminants) - 80% feeding value of corn (monogastrics) - limited use for swine and poultry - most used in brewing industry - high fiber

barley

what 4 grains are fed most

corn, milo, barley, oats

- least palatable grain - ergot contamination (fungal toxin) - used in brewing and distilling industries

rye

- mostly consumed by humans - 105% feeding value of corn - milling by-products used for livestock

wheat and rice

- rye x wheat hybrid - very minor use - specialty markets

millet and triticale

grain milling by-products include

corn milling, wheat milling, rice milling, oat milling, barley milling and malting

other high-energy feeds include

sprouted grains, whole cottonseed, fats and oils, molasses, roots and tubers

- adverse moisture during harvesting - unsuitable for milling - possible presence of milk - storage problems

sprouted grains

- very high energy (~95% TDN) - 24% CP - mature ruminants only (gossypol) - gossypol (inhibitor of spermatogenesis) concentrated in seed

whole cottonseed

- 2.25x as much energy as carbs - reasons for using: increase caloric density, control dust, decrease wear and tear on equipment, increase pelleting ease, increase palatability, uniform mix, increase digestibility

fats and oils

- most from sugar cane industry - very palatable - decrease dustiness - binder for pelleting - good carrier (urea) - lubricant

molasses

Proteinaceous concentrates include

NPN for ruminants supplements of plant origin supplements of animal and marine origin misc protein sources

NPN for ruminants include

urea and biuret

- used by rumen microbes to synthesize protein - not over 1/3 of total N in ration - not over 1% of diet or 3% of concentrate mix - not over 10-15% of the typical protein supplement

urea

- join 2 molecules of urea by heating

biuret

supplements of plant origin include

SBM CSM LSM Sunflower meal safflower meal peanut meal rapeseed meal

- most widely used in US - solvent or mechanically extracted - must be heated to destroy anti-trypsin factor - universal yardstick

soybean meal

- southern US - 36-41% CP, lower quality - contains gossypol (limits use in swine and poultry) - satisfactory for ruminants

cottonseed meal

- fiber used to weave linen cloth - limiting in both LYS and TRP ; ok for ruminants - contains conditioning factor (mucin)

linseed meal

- wide range in CP and fiber content

sunflower meal

- requires less water - oil is used - less palatable

safflower meal

- must be aware of aflatoxins

peanut meal

- otherwise known as canola oil - contains erucic acid and myrosinase enzyme (canola hybrid contains less) - big problem with palatability

rapeseed meal

supplements of animal and marine origin include

tankage meat scrap blood meal fish meal feather meal milk products

- by-product of meat processing industry (50-60% CP) - processed under pressure

tankage

- more acceptable than tankage (45-55% CP) - does not contain gut, tendons, or connective tissue

meat scrap

- very high in CP with high escape value (ruminants) - low palatability

blood meal

- over 90% in the US is Menhaden - excellent quality, Ca, P, B vitamins - escape value!!

fish meal

- high escape value for ruminants - low in HIS, LYS, MET, TRP

feather meal

- very expensive - dairy calves - swine starter diets

milk products

Miscellaneous protein sources

broiler litter

- receive more than 20 in of rainfall per year or are irrigated

seeded pastures

- receive less than 20 in of rainfall annually - developed by natural selection - existed for many years

native pastures

roughages include

grasses legumes forbes browse

warm season grasses include

bahiagrass bermudagrass crabgrass dallisgrass johnsongrass pearl millet switchgrass

- VERY aggressive - tolerant of low fertility - close grazing is desirable

bahiagrass

- common or hybrids - hay harvested at 4-6 week intervals - close grazing

bermudagrass

- weed - annual - high quality - very responsive to N

crabgrass

- clay and loam soils - better quality than bermuda - avoid seed head production (fungus)

dallisgrass

- weed - excellent hay - drought tolerant - continuous grazing?

johnsongrass

- annual - pasture or silage - large stem - short season - very productive

pearl millet

cool season grasses include

tall fescue orchard grass ryegrass and small grains

- very good quality (possibly best) - very tolerant to drought, overgrazing, etc - but fungal toxin (endophyte) inside plant

tall fescue

- requires higher fertility than fescue - not tolerant to overgrazing

orchardgrass

- very suitable in southeast - not recommended when feeding high grain diet

ryegrass and small grains

legume advantages

- fix N (to make AA) - palatable - high in CP and Ca

legume disadvantages

- bloat - stand loss - costly

legumes include

alfalfa clovers bird's-foot trefoil lespedeza

- grown extensively in west and midwest - very high quality - not tolerant to continuous grazing

alfalfa

- developed for south (heat tolerant) - annual = quality forage in late summer - periannual = sericea is most common - tannin problem

lespedeza

non-grass herbs which animals eat (weeds)

forbes

edible parts of woody vegitation

browse

fresh forage that is cut and chopped in the field then fed to penned animals (mostly dairies)

soilage (green-chop)

dehydrating green forage to less than 20% moisture

hay

product of acid fermentation of green crops that have been compressed and stored anaerobically

silage

- hammermill - burrmill

grinding

- compressed between 2 rollers (flake)

dry rolling

made with combination of heat, moisture, and pressure

pelleting

- crimping - not much improvement over dry rolling - short term exposure to steam

steam rolling

- long term exposure to steam - alters starch - feed becomes more digestible (cereal smell - pleasant)

steam flaking

- puffed and slightly carmalized product

roasting

- heat and pressure -> forced through a hole makes a ribbon -> breaks into flakes

extruding

- 700-800 F for 15-30 sec

popping

exposed to microwaves, expands but doesnt pop

micronizing

- no ADG effect - feed efficiency improved - mold, hard to store - 25-30% moisture

high moisture harvesting

- easier storage - add water to dry grain to increase moisture to 25-30% - may improve feed efficiency but not as much as high moisture harvesting

reconstituted high moisture grain

- expensive - preserve with organic acids thoroughly blended with high moisture grains - prevents mold growth

acid preserved high moisture grain

soilage advantages

- minimizes nutrent losses - minimizes wastage - less fencing - produces max nutrient yield/acre

soilage disadvantages

- special equipment - labor - weather related problems for harvesting

common hay losses

- shattered leaves - heat damage - fermentation - bleaching - leaching

Haymaking systems

-long, loose hay - chopped hay - packaged hay (bales, stacks, pellets)

silage needs

- proper moisture - proper stage of maturity - proper packing - proper drainage - exclude air

acids produced when making silage in order

acetic acid lactic acid possibly butyric acid (if pH too high)

feeding boars

- protein requirement decreases as boar gets older - reduce energy intake during non-breeding season - increase feed intake 10-14 days before breeding season

feeding sows and gilts during pregestation

- feed replacement gilts with market hogs until 200 lbs then separate and restrict energy intake until breeding - allows for normal growth but decreases fat deposition

feeding gilts during breeding

flushing - increase energy intake 10 d before breeding and stop immediately after - improve health, ovulation rate, and number of live embryos

feeding sows during breeding

- usually bred at first estrus after weaning - only need to decrease intake at weaning since sow is already on high energy lactation diet

feeding sows and gilts during gestation

- restrict energy but not other nutrients last 1/3 of gestation - increase intake for gilts - dont mix sows and gilts

how to restrict energy intake

- individually feed - feed high fiber low energy diet free choice - feed compounds that regulate appetite (3.5% CaCl) - every third day feeding (gilts have 24 hours and sows have 8 hours)

feeding sows and gilts during lactation

- meet production demands - added fat is optimal but deteriorates feed and makes it sticky

feeding sows and gilts during lactation benefits (of adding fat to diet)

- fat content of colostrums - concentration of pigs liver glycogen - slight increase in piglet carcass fat at birth - improves baby pig survival

feeding sows and gilts during lactation considerations (of adding fat to diet)

- expensive - little effect on litter size at birth, birth weights, or weaning weights