Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

cell physiology, my interp. > lecture final > Flashcards

lecture final Flashcards

1
Q

7 questions from cell and its function

describe the plasma membrane

the nucleus is like ______

the cytoplasm is a jelly like substance that contains ______ between the ______ and nuclear membrane

A

its the door of the cell

  • ampipathic bilayer
  • made of phspholipids
  • Blueprints
  • organelles, cell membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the intracellular and extracellular ions?

A

intracellular:
K+, Mg2+, PO4, SO4, CHO3

extracellular:
Na, Cl, Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 4 functions of the glycocalyx ?

A

1- cell binding
2- receptor for hormone binding
3- gives surface a negative charge (can repel neg. molecules)
4-assists immune reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the two ways to alter gene expression?

A

1- genetic-changes to DNA during transcription

2- epigenetic- changes in gene EXPRESSION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in epigenetics the dna is wrapped around _____ to prevent DNA from being transcribed

A

Histone

** addition of acetyl group unwraps and exposes DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

the nuclear envelope is continous with ________.

A

the endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the protein making “factories?”

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lysosomes aka suicide bags have 3 different classes, what are they?

  • formed by golgi apparatus
  • hydrolases
A

autophagy- recycling damaged cells

necrosis- uncontrolled cell death

apoptosis-controlled cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes but differ in 2 ways

A

1- self replication from smooth ER

2- oxidases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the powerhouse of the cell?

A

the mitochondria

  • in cytoplasm
  • self replicating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

7 questions from transcription/ translation

nitrogen bases are attatched to DNA strands by ________ bonds.

A

hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 4 steps in transcription with their enzymes?

A

1- unzip the genes- DNA helicase
2-initiation- RNA polymerase
3- elongation- creating mRNA
4-termination- RNA polymerase dissociates itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what exactly is RNA?

A

its a ribonucleic acid, its single stranded and instead of Uracil it likes thymine

composed of exons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the process where exons are taken to the cytoplasm to be translated?

A

translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

where does protein translation take place?

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

6 questions molecular genetics/ cell div.

translation occurs in which direction?

A

5’ - 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

amino acids are connected to one another by a _______ bond?

A

peptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

protein conformation and function is constantly modified by _______ state.

A

phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the CNS?

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS?

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens in DNA replication (S-phase)?

MITOSIS

A

** the nucleus replicates its DNA and centrosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the steps of mitosis?

A 
1- interphase (S phase)
2- prophase
3- prometaphase
4- metaphase- line up in the middle
5-anaphase- chromatids move to the poles
6- telophase- nuclear envelope forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are oncogenes?

A

genes that can lead to cancer

** supressed by antioncogenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

whats an example of a cancer caused by a virus?

A

HPV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
7 questions from cell transport what percent of the human body is composed of fluid?
60% 1/3 extracellular 2/3 intracellular
26
what is simple diffusion?
the continuous movment of molecules toward a decrease in free energy. often involves molecules traveling down their concentration gradiant -does NOT require additional energy
27
what kind of hormones can travel freely across cellular membranes?
Steroid hormones because they are lipid soluable(non polar)
28
what do potassium ions flow through?
leaky channels because they are stripped of their hydration shell
29
what are the 2 sodium channels?
1- ligand gated- chemically gated | 2- voltage gated
30
what carrier protein facilitates glucose diffusion into the cell?
GLUT4 ** triggers membrane trafficking of GLUT4 to aid uptake
31
type 2 diabetes involves_______ ______.
insulin deficiency
32
what the hell is the nernst potential?
electromotive force- electrical properties of ions attracting and repelling one another * when in equilibrium there is a resting membrane potential
33
what is Osmosis?
osmosis is simple diffusion of a solvent or the diffusion of water caused by a concentration difference of water
34
what is osmotic pressure?
the exact amount of pressure to stop osmosis... think about a beer bong and making sure it doesnt spill before you drink
35
if cells are hypertonic the water is ______ if the cell is isotonic the water ______ if the cell is hypotonic water is ______
- leaving - equilibrium - coming in causing cells to burst
36
what is active transport?
cell membrane moving molecules against concentration gradient primary- energy goes against gradient from ATP -secondary- energy goes against gradient from another source
37
secondary active transport (symport) is when a molecule can ___________ off another molecules concentration gradiant
piggy back ** case of glucose and sodium
38
secondary active transport (antiport) molecules are shuttled in ______ directions in regaurds to concentration gradient.
opposite
39
what is endocytosis?
a process of cellular ingestionby which plasma folds bring substances into the cell 1- pinocytosis 2- receptor mediated endocytosis 3- phagocytosis
40
membrane and action potentials 10 questions what can diffuse freely in either direction across the cell membrane?
K+
41
resting membrane potential values for most cells range from _____ to _____
-65 to -95 mV
42
resting membrane potential is predicted by what equation?
GHK | goldman hodgkin katz
43
what are 2 major forces acting on the movment of ions across the cell membrane/
1- charge | 2- concentration gradient
44
the nernst equation measures ______
membrane potential
45
the GHK equation is used to determine ______
resting membrane potential when there is no net diffusion
46
action potentials are _____ or _____
all or none
47
the voltage gated Na+ channels inactivate quickly due to _____ and ______ mechanism
ball and chain
48
when the membrane potential is close to +30mV its called _______
overshoot
49
after overshoot there is a huge driving force for K+ to flow out and reestablish equilibrium potential called _______
repolarization
50
what are the refractory mechanisms (2) in place to keep cells from being over activated?
absolute refeactory period-channels will not open temporarily regardless of stimulus strength (like a flood gate) relative refactory period-driving force leaving the cell is higher than to enter the cell
51
name the 3 connective tissues surrounding muscles
1- epimysium- covers whole muscle 2- perimysium- around bundles 3- endomysium- around each muscle fiber
52
what are the lines, bands and zones?
Z-line-protein filaments I bands- only actin A bands- all of myosin and some actin overlap H zone- only myosin (disappears during contraction) m-line- center of sacromere
53
what is a sliding filament mechanism?
process by which myosin heads form cross bridges with actin and contraction slides the 2 filaments past each other (the filaments do not actually shorten, they overlap)
54
what is the "walk along"/ ratchet theory of contraction?
the heads of myosin and actin swivel and slide past each other, called the power stroke, the myosin head then detatches and walks to next active binding site
55
what is the role of ATP in muscle contraction?
before contraction ATP binds to myosin heads, then ATPase cleaves a phosphate (hydrolysis)causing mysoin head to cock then energized myosin binds to actin; stored energy is released and then power stroke happens myosin releases actin only when a new ATP binds to myosin
56
Ca2+ binds to troponin which moves tropomyosin and exposes myosin binding site to ______.
actin *troponin is like a long sleve shirt, tropomyosin is like the shirt sleve getting pushed up, myosin is like skin
57
the relaxation phase is when the troponin lets the tropomyosin go, pulling shirt sleve back down and then _______ cannot bind
actin
58
what are some factors that affect contractile strength?
- number of muscle fibers - frequency of stimulation - thickness of each muscle fiber - velocity of contraction
59
as load increases, the velocity of the contraction _______
decreases
60
maximal efficiency occurs at _____ of maximum muscle contraction velocity
30%
61
______ are important for absorbing high impact and keeping muscle fibers taught.
tendons
62
how do you judge the efficiency of a muscle contraction?
% of input ebergy that can be converted into work in muscle is less than 25%
63
in muscle contraction ATP is used for what?
1- walk along mechanism 2- active calcium pumps which send Ca into SR 3- Ma+/K+ pump in muscle fiber membranes
64
how do you tell Vo2 max?
once maxed out on o2 consumption while exercising, you have vo2 max
65
what are slow motor units (type 1) fast fatigable motor units (type 2 B) fast fatigue resistant (type 2 A)
myoglobbin, mitochrondria, capillary beds, resistant to fatigue, small force fast fatigue- pale muscle fibers, large force, easily fatigued fast fatigue resistant- intermediate motor units
66
as synaptic activity driving motor neurons increase, slow motor neurons are recruited ____. fast fatigue resistant _____ and fast fatigue _______
1st 2nd last
67
what is hypertrophy? atrophy? and Hyperplasia?
hypertrophy- increase in total muscle mass in actin and myosin NOT muscle fibers atrophy- decrease in total muscle mass hyperplasia- increase in number of muscle fibers
68
endurance uses more _______ high intensity exercise uses more _______
- type 1 | - type 2 B
69
what happens as we age?
decrease in type 2 fibers - reduced density of capillaries - decrease in neural excitation
70
smooth muscle- 3 questions what are the 2 types of smooth muscle?
1- unitary/ single unit- MOST COMMON IN BODY, sheets/ bundles, contract as single unit 2- multi unit-individual fibers, contracts as individual units
71
smooth muscle has distinct microanatomy- tell me about it
not striated - more actin than myosin - longer thin filaments - actin attatched to dense bodies - side polar arrangment

cell physiology, my interp. (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions