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Lecture (Final Exam) Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of communication

A

The provision of a signal (typically containing information) from one animal (the sender) to another animal (the receiver), which has an influence on its behavior

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2
Q

What are the primary forms of communication?

A

Tactile, visual, auditory, chemical

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3
Q

Selection will favor ____ that (on average) benefit the _____.

A

Signals / sender

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4
Q

Selection will favor ____that (on average) benefit the ______. ; however, not all communication does so (manipulation/deceipt)

A

responses / receiver

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5
Q

Signal

A

a packet of energy or matter generated by one individual (sender) which is selected for in its effects in altering the behavior of another individual (receiver).

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6
Q

How do the forms of communication differ?

A

Distance and orientation between sender and reciever.

-time span, information conveyed, and impact of physical environment

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7
Q

What types of information can be conveyed within species?

A 
sex
sexual condition
territory ownership
group membership
social status
motivational state
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8
Q

what type of information can be conveyed between species?

A

predator detection

physical condition

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9
Q

conflict

A

avoid fighting to death

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10
Q

territorial

A

to establish and maintain

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11
Q

sexual interactions

A

mate choice

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12
Q

parent-offspring

A

care and food provision

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13
Q

social integration

A

dominance, hunting, predator defense

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14
Q

environmental information

A

food, predator warning

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15
Q

autocommunication

A

echolocation

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16
Q

signals can be ______ and have more than one ______ or _______.

A

combined / meaning or receiver

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17
Q

Visual communication can mean?

A

conflict
territorialism
social dominance
predator alarm

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18
Q

Example of interspecies communication

A

white-tailed deer flagging

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19
Q

Tactile examples

A

social bonding

induce ovulation

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20
Q

Chemical communication is very______ especially among ______ mammals.

A

common / terrestrial

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21
Q

Chemical communication example

A

many glands occur on the typical mammal

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22
Q

Olfactory communication

A

urine and feces and skin glands

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23
Q

sebaceous

A

oily secretions, long-lasting, used to mark objects

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24
Q

apocrine

A

water-based, volatile, short term

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25
olfactory communication receptors
vomeronasal / turbinates length and complexity (amount of surface area is key)
26
Olfactory communication discrimination
species, individual, sex and sexual status, age, mood
27
olfactory communication reproduction
``` stimulate mating behavior (pheromones , flehmen) stimulate estrus synchronize estrus prevent estrus or mating behavior mate choice ```
28
How does chemical communication aid in conservation?
monitor population, reduce human-wildlife conflicts, influence habitat selection, welfare of captive animals, encourage captive breeding, reducing predation, increasing success of release programs, health status of population, reducing hybridization
29
What are bear pedal glands?
eccrine glands in footpads, apocrine and sebaceous glands in the interdigital, metacarpal, and metatarsal skin, pedal scent contained 26 compounds
30
why do mongooses use handstand to mark anal glands?
using swabs at different heights, determined that females spent more time at higher markings, females have intense intrasexual competition.
31
Coyotes defend territories thru
olfactory signals
32
What do coyote markings mean?
defend territory, feces and urine marking of boundaries, alpha defecate along boundaries
33
Threats to mammals
``` human population habitat destruction habitat degradation species exploitation cultural and religious issues islands hybridization global climate change ```
34
Strategies for conservation of mammals
``` protection habitat enhancement captive breeding reintroduction cultural shift, education, enforcement genetic rescue disease rescue ```
35
protection example
bears, and other carnivores
36
captive breeding example
black footed ferrets
37
reintroduction example
wolves, river otters
38
cultural shift, education, enforcement example
tusks, horns, gall bladder
39
genetic rescue example
florida panther
40
disease rescue example
tasmanian devil
41
how many states have re-introduced otters
21
42
primary cause of mortality for adults: primary 2 factors?
species diversity of predators and prey | body size of prey relative to other prey and predator
43
what is the threshold for small ungulates who experience greater predation pressure than large ungulates?
150 kg
44
__________for large ungulates, _____ for small ungulates
food limitation ; predation
45
what two opposing constaints do large carnivore species face?
the need to minimize expenditure while obtaining high rates of food intake.
46
what is the maximum mass for a terrestrial mammalian carnivore?
1100 kg
47
as body mass increases above _________kg the achievable net gain rate can be increased by adopting a large ___________ strategy
14.5 -21 kg / prey feeding
48
what is the largest terrestrial carnivore
short-faced bear
49
Additive predation
annual survival is affected by predation
50
compensatory predation
mortality due to predation results in lessened mortality from other causes
51
Meadow vole females may produce ____ young annually
170
52
how do predators impact prey?
reduce prey numbers through predation change the distribution of prey increase the biodiversity of prey
53
positive benefits for prey?
can limit other predators | improve the herd, even increase prey
54
surplus killing
animals killed but not eaten
55
partial prey consumption
brown bears and salmon
56
excessive killing
killing beyond immediate energetic needs, caching for later (least weasels)
57
intraguild competition
mechanism is often killing or intraguild predation | usually base don body size, most evident in canids
58
how can we alter the predator prey relationship?
changing the prey numbers, (provide food, shelter, diversity of habitat) changing the numbers of predators in the area (removal, predator pits)`
59
What are the 4 social systems
socio-spatial system mating system rearing system dispersal system
60
What are the advantages of being social?
easier to find mates easier to find, and procure food easier to defend resources from conspecifics protection from predation
61
Disadvantages of being social
more competition for mates fewer resources per individual facilitates transmission of disease
62
What causes sarcoptic mange?
mites that burrow in the skin
63
Socio - spatial systems
non-territorial / territorial
64
non-territorial
live in home ranges that overlap with conspecifics, no defense of a territory
65
territorial
live in exclusive home ranges that are defended from conspecifics through direct or indirect methods
66
4 main socio spatial systems
solitary pair living gregarious communal
67
Solitary
No cooperation most common system among carnivores only mother-offspring bonds *until independence, few days to couple years *doesnt mean theyre alone
68
Pair living
usually breeding pair holding a territory, most common among canids
69
Gregarious
year long groups of individuals not territorial. rare in carnivores, most common among large herbivores
70
communal
breeding pair or more with helpers beyond dependent young, usually territorial but not always - most famous cases in carnivores, but very rare
71
socio-spatial gradient
where species actually fall on the gradient depends on environment, competitors, etc.
72
Determinants of group living
habitat, size of prey, protection from predation, defense of resources, phylogenetic inertia
73
phylogenetic inertia
individuals are confined to their heritage (weasels)
74
Resource dispersion hypothesis
developed to explain variation in social behavior in solitary species such as red foxes.
75
Dispersal
permanent movement from one location to another
76
what are the hypothesis for dispersal
inbreeding avoidance limited resources intrafamily strife
77
multilvel fission - fusion social system
highly complex social systems, long lived intelligent animals
78
cropping by herding species can
concentrate forage biomass, stimulate productivity, enhances nutrient content
79
7 types of disease
viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, plants, arthropods
80
why is it important we understand disease?
regulate populations, structure communities, cause population decline, drive evolution, influence human health
81
what pattern of decline might indicate disease?
age class die offs, reduced reprodutive output, pattern of declines indicative of pathogen spread, unusal clinical signs, spatial diffusion, lack of correlation with climatic factors?
82
How does aspect ratio of wing influence bat flight?
Aspect ratio; High (long, narrow = fast flight less maneuverability) Low (short, broad wings = slower flight, more maneuverability)
83
how does wing loading affect bat flight?
high (larger bodied bat= stronger faster flight) Low (smaller bodied bat=more lift; slower flight)
84
what can bats determine from returning sound waves?
size(angle), direction(timing, angle, patterns), distance and speed(timing and strength)

Mammals (9 decks)

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