lecture finals Flashcards by CHANG SUI

Simplest organic compounds primarily containing Carbon and Hydrogen

-Occur abundantly in nature

HYDROCARBONS

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Length of carbon chain determines:

-melting point
-boiling point
-physical state

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Common Hydrocarbons

a. LPG
b. Candle Wax
c. Local anesthetics
d. Acetylene Torch

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mixture of propane & butane

LPG

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Used to denote non-cyclic, or open chain
carbon compounds

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons or “Acyclic

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derived from the word “aleiphatos” or
“fat”

Hydrocarbon

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each atom in the molecule forms four single
covalent bonds with each other

Saturated Hydrocarbons

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-Saturated hydrocarbon
-Contain only carbon and hydrogen
-Carbon to hydrogen & carbon to carbon single bonds

Alkanes

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Known as paraffins (“little affinity”) and methane hydrocarbons

Alkanes

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-Straight or branched chain hydrocarbons with only single covalent bonds between the carbon atoms
-These are aliphatic compounds

Alkanes

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When the compounds belonging to a class are arranged in order of increasing molecular weights

Homologous Series

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A set of compounds is formed in which the members differ in composition from one another by –CH2 unit

Homologous Series

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The carbon atoms which are not included in the parent chain are considered as

alkyl substituents

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when light is passed thru a NicolPrism, the emerging light is called plane polarized light which vibrates in only one plane

Plane Polarized Light

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enantiomerthat rotates the plane polarized light to the right (+)

Dextrorotatory

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-left rotation of plane polarized light (-)

Levorotatory

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-equal moles of dextro and levo
enantionmers

-results to optically inactive mixture

-neither rotate to the left nor to the right

Racemic mixture

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Classes of Carbon

a. Primary Carbon
b. Secondary Carbon
c. Tertiary Carbon

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-one that is bonded with only one or no other carbon atom;

Primary Carbon

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-one that is bonded with two other carbon atom

Secondary Carbon

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one that is bonded to three carbon atoms

Tertiary Carbon

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PROPERTIES OF ALKANES

A. Physical State
B. Boiling Points
C. Melting Points
D. Solubility
E. Density

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a substitution reaction with halogen

-is substituted for a hydrogen atom.

Halogenation

Hydrogen is lost from an organic compound
an elimination reaction

Dehydrogenation

breaking up large molecules to form smaller ones

Cracking

conversion of one structural formula to another in the presence of a catalyst

Isomerization

-higher alkanes when boiled with fuming nitric acid forms nitroalkanes

Nitration

higher alkanes(hexane and Up) when boiled with fuming sulfuric acid gives sulfonic acid

Sulfonation

-formation of aromatic compounds when alkanes containing 6 carbon atoms are heated to about 400’C w/ Pt.,Pd.,Ni.,Co.

Aromatization/Reforming

The formula RX indicates a halogen atom attached to an alkyl group and represents the class of compounds known as

Alkyl Halides

The two main sources of alkanes are

natural gas and petroleum

is formed by the anaerobic decay of plants and animals

Natural gas

also called crude oil, consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons and is formed by the decomposition of plants and animals over millions of years.

Petroleum

A Major Petroleum Product

Gasoline

- Formula = CnH2n - names are formed by adding the prefix cyclo to the name of the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms.

Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes generally similar to open-chain alkanes in both physical properties and chemical reactivity, except

a. Cyclopropane b. Cyclobutane

are saturated hydrocarbons; they contain only single bonds between carbon atoms.

Cycloalkanes

consist of 3 families of homologous compounds

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

-contain carbon to carbon double bond

Alkenes

-contain carbon to carbon triple bond

Alkynes

contain benzene rings

Aromatic compounds

angel bond of 120’ about each carbon in a double bond -other names: -Ethylene series -Olefins or oil forming gas

Alkenes

- serves as a parent compound - serves as local anesthesia - raw material for plastics - accelerates ripening of fruits in orchards

Ethylene

Stereoisomerism in Alkenes 2 groups

a. Cis b. Trans

-where the two substituents are located on the same side of the double bond

Cis

where the two substituent are located on opposite sides of the double bond

Trans

- USEDASBEVERAGE - SLOW REACTION TIME - DEPRESSESTHENERVOUSSYSTEM - CAN BE PREPARED FROM FERMENTATION

ETHYL ALCOHOL

- TOXIC AND SHOULD NOT BE TAKEN INTERNALLY -NOT ABSORBED THROUGH THE SKIN SO IT IS COMMONLY USED AS RUBBING ALCOHOL AND AS ASTRINGENT

ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL

- CYCLIC ALCOHOL - HAS A COOLING,REFRESHING FEELING WHEN RUBBED ON THE SKIN - USED AS COUGH DROPS AND NASAL SPRAYS

MENTHOL

- WEAK ACIDS POISONOUS IF TAKEN INTERNALLY AND CAUSES DEEP BURN AND BLISTERS ON THE SKIN - USED AS DISINFECTANT FOR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS AND UTENSILS,CLOTHING AND LINENS,FLOORS,TOILETS AND SINKS

PHENOL

- FORMED DURING THE DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOLS - GOOD SOLVENTS BECAUSE THEY AREI NERT;VERY FLAMMABLE - HAS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF R-O-R

ETHERS

-COMMONLY KNOWN ETHER AND USED EXTENSIVELY AS A GENERAL ANESTHETIC - VERY EASY TO ADMINISTER AND IS AN EXCELLENT MUSCULAR RELAXANT - FLAMMABLE AND IRRITATING TO THE MEMBRANES OF THE RESPIRATORY TRAC

DIETHYL ETHER

HAS THE FUNCTIONAL GROUP OF R-CHO

ALDEHYDES

- USED IN THE LAB AS WATER SOLUTION - 40% SOLUTION IS COMMONLY KNOWN AS FORMAL IN WHICH IS USED IN EMBALMING FLUIDS AND AS PRESERVATIVE FOR BIOLOGIC SPECIMEN

FORMALDEHYDE (METHANAL)