Lecture II

Question 1

What is a social contract?

Answer 1

Agreement to be governed by a set of rules under an organization of power

Question 2

Social contract assuming people are bad

Answer 2

• No society without social contract

- Subject cannot change Gov, Gov is result of sov, sov does anything to preserve peace

Question 3

Commonwealth

Answer 3

• Everyone cedes some individual rights in exchange of others
• Defense and rule of law
  SOVEREIGNTY

Question 4

How to avoid slavery in social contract?

Answer 4

Laws: expression of General will and preserve liberties

Question 5

What is distinguished in a social contract?

Answer 5

Difference between sovereign (population) and government (enacts law)

Question 6

Social contract according to Rousseau

Answer 6

Can’t be too large, people who “lose” have to understand the reason

Question 7

Social contract according to Rawls

Answer 7

Justice key element, principles of justice under veil of ignorance

1. Individual has equal rights to the liberties of others
2. Social/economic inequalities have to be solved
3. Offices/positions must be open to everyone

Question 8

What is the veil of ignorance?

Answer 8

Method to determine morality of something

Question 9

What is constitutionalism?

Answer 9

Limitations of power of government

Question 10

What is a constitution

Answer 10

Norms creating, structuring and limiting powers

EVERYONE subject to them (rulers as well)

Question 11

John Locke’s theory

Answer 11

• Humans are bad by nature but capable of altruism
• State to protect property
• Right to revolution (if property isn’t respected)

Question 12

Charles-Louis Secondat theory

Answer 12

• Distinction of gov. branches’ functions

- System of checks and balances

Question 13

James Madison (US constitution)

Answer 13

• Inclusion of civil rights in constitution
• Vertical and horizontal limitation of national government
  FEDERALISM

Question 14

Concept of order without sovereignty

Answer 14

• Order comes from different individual’s self interest, leads to common outcome
• “Virtuous” individuals (think of common good) may cause harm

Question 15

Example of order without sovereignty

Answer 15

• Mandeville (virtue prevents capital circulation)

- Smith (invisible hand)

Question 16

Primordialism (identity)

Answer 16

Identity fruit of first socialization, not exchangeable

Question 17

Interactionism (identity)

Answer 17

Identity defined by difference, definition and distance

FRONTIERS

Question 18

Instrumentalist (identity)

Answer 18

Identities created by political entrepreneurs

Question 19

Rational choice (identity)

Answer 19

Identity used (proved) for personal interest

Question 20

What is a national identity

Answer 20

Primoridialist and instrumentalist views

Question 21

Difference between community and society

Answer 21

• Community: emotions, tradition

- Society: made, people feel bad not belonging

Question 22

Ernest Geller on nationalism

Answer 22

• National identity to overcome ancient hierarchies (tribes)
• More egalitarian, mass communication
  IMAGINED COMMUNITIES

Question 23

How can emerging modern states use nationalism?

Answer 23

• Fighting over lords and communities
• Economic/social transformations, legitimacy of state control
• Impose social order

Question 24

Ethnic-cultural visión of nation

Answer 24

Historical population, people free to leave community

Question 25

Contractarian vision of nation

Answer 25

``` Individuals value the state more than their other groups DAILY PLEBISCITE (Renan) ```

Question 26

Shortcomings of emerging modern state

Answer 26

1. Specialization 2. Centralization 3. Institutionalization

Question 27

Specialization (modern state shortcoming)

Answer 27

Lack of public force, admin, army

Question 28

Centralization (shortcoming)

Answer 28

Existence of centralized and hierarchical social order

Question 29

Institutionalization (shortcoming)

Answer 29

Transitions have to run smoothly, public authority functions shouldn’t be attached to 1 person

Question 30

Competitors of emerging state

Answer 30

1. Lower lords 2. The Church 3. Guilds, corporations, etc

Question 31

Tilly’s state formation

Answer 31

State formation as protection fueled by war and technology

Question 32

Marx’s state formation

Answer 32

Shift in the balance of FACTORS OF PRODUCION (economic) | Ensuring economic/technological progress

Question 33

Weber’s definition of state

Answer 33

Human community, MONOPOLY OF PHYSICAL FORCE present (held by state)

Question 34

Aspects of diversity within nation-state?

Answer 34

- Regional identities - Cultural linguistic groups - Migration

Question 35

Consequence of globalization on diversity

Answer 35

Groups more self-conscious

Question 36

Solution to diversity

Answer 36

Federalism or decentralization | Decision-making/participation of subunits, protect minorities

Question 37

Consociationalism

Answer 37

High tensions between groups can’t be physically separated

Question 38

Example of Consociationalism

Answer 38

Lebanon President: Maconite Christian Prime Minister: Sunni Muslim P. National Assembly: Shi’a Muslim

Question 39

Multiculturalism

Answer 39

Philosophical tradition on how to deal with minorities