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GEOL 432 - Mineralogy > Lecture Midterm Study > Flashcards

Lecture Midterm Study Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

amorphous

A

lacking a crystalline structure (think obsidian)

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2
Q

mineraloids

A

mineral-like things that lack a long-range crystal structure

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3
Q

metamict

A

disrupted crystal structure

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4
Q

tektites

A

impact melt glasses from meteorites

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5
Q

fulgurites

A

produced by lightning strikes

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6
Q

clinkers

A

burning coal bed fuses surrounding rock (forming ash glasses)

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7
Q

mineral group

A

a set of minerals with the same basic structure but different compositions

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8
Q

pseudotachylite

A

frictional melt at fault zone from intense shearing

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9
Q

specific gravity (G)

A

density of a material divided by the density of water at 4deg C

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10
Q

packing index (def)

A

how tightly the ions are packed in a mineral

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11
Q

packing index (formula)

A

(V_ions / V_cell) * 100

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12
Q

brittle

A

breaks or powders easily

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13
Q

malleable

A

can be pounded out into thin sheets

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14
Q

ductile

A

can be drawn into a wire

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15
Q

sectile

A

may be cut smoothly with a knife

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16
Q

elastic

A

if bent, will spring back

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17
Q

flexible

A

if bent, will not spring back

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18
Q

parting

A

stress-derived, not cleavage-controlled

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19
Q

the ‘chromophore’ elements

A

Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu

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20
Q

color centers

A

depend on having electrons mislocated throughout the structure (i.e. occupying ion spots)

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21
Q

play of color

A

iridescence

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22
Q

luminescence

A

material absorbs one form of energy and reemits it as visible light

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23
Q

triboluminescence

A

material becomes faintly luminous if struck, crushed, scratched, or rubbed

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24
Q

thermoluminescent/incandescent

A

material emits visible light energy as a consequence of being heated

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25
photoluminescent
material emits light in response to being exposed to visible or UV light
26
diamagnetic
no element in the mineral contains unpaired electrons
27
paramagnetic
mineral in which magnetic moments of constituent atoms are not mutually aligned (i.e. magnetic moments go everywhere)
28
ferromagnetic
mineral with retained magnetic polarity because magnetic moments are systematically aligned
29
exchange coupling
locks the magnetic moment of adjacent ions into parallel alignment
30
ferrimagnetic
magnetic, but some atoms/ions in adjacent sites have antiparallel magnetic moments (e.g. Magnetite)
31
antiferromagnetic
antiparallel spins completely cancel out to yield zero net magnetic moment
32
piezoelectric
when deformed, mineral will generate a voltage, so that a positive charge is generated on one side and a negative charge on the other
33
electrostriction
the application of a voltage in a piezoelectric mineral to produce a deformation
34
pyroelectric
change in temperature causes displacement of positive and negative charges and the development of a voltage
35
Steno's Law
The angles between crystal faces of a given mineral species are constant
36
Hauy found this...
Minerals are made up of stacked blocks (unit cells)
37
Number of Bravais lattices
14
38
Number of crystal systems
6
39
Number of point groups (possible unit cell symmetries)
32
40
Number of space groups
230
41
How you get space groups
Translating the Bravais lattices through 3D space
42
Hauy's Law
Crystal faces cut the crystallographic axes in simple, whole-number ratios
43
Bravais' Law
A face is more commonly developed in a crystal if it intersects a larger number of lattice points
44
Weiss Indices
mno
45
Miller Indices
(hkl)
46
Cubic Close-Packing
ABA
47
Hexagonal Close-Packing
ABC
48
Pauling's Coordination Principle
Cations are bound to ions within a polyhedra; the bigger the cation, the larger the CN
49
Pauling's Electrostatic Valency Principle
In a stable ionic structure, the total strength of the valency bonds that reach an anion from all neighboring cations is equal to the charge of the anion
50
Pauling's Sharing Polyhedral Elements Principle
Sharing of edges and faces decreases stability of ionic structures; In a crystal containing different cations, those with large valence and small coordination number tend not to share polyhedral elements
51
Retardation (Delta)
= d (n_s - n_f)
52
Birefringence
The difference between the indices of refraction of the slow and fast rays
53
Interference colors are produced by...
...are produced by interference between the 2 waves (fast and slow) in an anisotropic mineral
54
Extinction angle (EA)
The angle between the length or cleavage of a mineral and one of the mineral’s vibration directions
55
With accessory plate, if retardations ADD...
slow (plate) on slow (mineral)
56
With accessory plate, if retardations CANCEL...
slow (plate) on fast (mineral)
57
Length Slow
The slow ray vibrates more-or-less parallel to the length of an elongate mineral (Positive Elongation)
58
Length Fast
The fast ray vibrates more-or-less parallel to the length of an elongate mineral (Negative Elongation)
59
Pleochroism
Anisotropic property; change of color on rotation (with only lower polarizer)
60
Index of Refraction (Definition)
A measure of how much the light will be bent, is a function of velocity (high means low velocity)
61
Index of Refraction (Formula)
n = V_vacuum / V_mineral
62
Frequency (Formula)
V / λ
63
Wave Normal
A line drawn at right angles to the wave front
64
Snell's Law gives you...
The angle that the light is bent upon passing from material 1 to material 2 is found by...
65
Snell's Law (Formula)
Sin(θ1) / Sin(θ2) = n_2 / n_1

GEOL 432 - Mineralogy (7 decks)

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