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The Heart- Mod 15 > Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Lecture Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

This is a system of blood vessels that is one pump and contains four different chambers and is approximately the size of a fist

A

The Heart

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2
Q

The Heart has two main circulations, This circulation is a short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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3
Q

The Heart has two main circulations, this circulation is a long loop that travels to all parts of the body and back to the heart

A

Systemic circulation

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4
Q

The heat has two types of vessels, this vessel transports blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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5
Q

The heart has two types of vessels, this vessel transports blood back to the heart

A

Veins

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6
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

In the mediastinum between the second rib and the fifth intercostal space

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7
Q

What other organ is the heart fixed to? This is also the organ the heart rests on

A

Diaphragm

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8
Q

What is the double walled sac called that the heart is enclosed in that protects, anchors and prevents overfilling?

A

The Pericardium

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9
Q

The layer of the serous pericardium lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium?

A

Parietal layer

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10
Q

The layer of the serous pericardium on the external surface of the heart

A

Visceral layer

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11
Q

What fluid filled pericardial cavity separates the layers to decrease friction?

A

Pericardial Cavity

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12
Q

What is another name for the visceral layer of the pericardium?

A

Epicardium

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13
Q

What is the second layer of the heart that is known as the fibrous skeleton that supports vessels and valves as well as limiting the spread of action potential

A

Myocardium

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14
Q

This final layer of the heart is a continuation with the endothelial lining of the blood vessels

A

Endocardium

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15
Q

What two sections are the chambers of the heart broken into?

A

Atria

Ventricles

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16
Q

This section of the chamber of the heart is the part that receives the blood

A

Atria

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17
Q

This section of the chamber of the heart is the part that is known as the discharging chamber

A

Ventricles

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18
Q

What are the two atria separated by?

A

Interatrial septum

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19
Q

What part of the atria increases its volume?

A

Auricles

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20
Q

What are the two ventricles separated by?

A

Interventricular septum

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21
Q

What are the muscles called that ridged in the atrias?

A

Pectinate muscles

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22
Q

What are the three vessels entering the right atrium?

A

Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus

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23
Q

What are the two vessels that enter the left atrium?

A

Right Pulmonary vein

Left Pulmonary vein

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24
Q

What are the walls of the ventricles ridged by?

A

Trabeculae Carneae

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25
What muscles project into the ventricular cavity?
Papillary muscles
26
What vessel leaves the right ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk
27
What vessel leaves the left ventricle?
Aorta
28
What is the pathway of the blood through the heart going into the heart?
``` Right Atrium Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary Arteries Lungs ```
29
What is the pathway of the blood from the lungs going to the heart
``` Lungs Pulmonary veins Left atrium Bicuspid valve Left ventricle Aortic semilunar valve Aorta Systemic Circulation ```
30
Which side of the heart pumps more blood?
Niether, the left and right side have to pump the same amount of blood, equal blood volume
31
What moves the blood through the heart?
A pressure gradient
32
Why is the right side of the heart thinner than the left side of the heart?
The right side only has to send the blood to the lungs, the left side of the heart has to send the blood to the entire body
33
What is coronary circulation?
The supply of blood to the heart itself
34
What are the arteries that supply blood to the heart itself?
Right and Left coronary Marginal Circumflex Anterior and Posterior Interventricular arteries
35
What are the veins that supply blood to the heart itself?
Small cardiac Anterior cardiac Great cardiac veins
36
What do the vavles of a heart ensure?
Unidirectional flow of blood
37
What are the two Atrioventricular valves?
Tricuspid and Bicuspid (or Mitral)
38
What anchors the the AV valves to the papillary muscles?
Chordae tendineae
39
What valve prevents the back flow into the atria when the ventricles contract?
AV valves
40
What are the two valves that make up semilunar valves?
Aortic valve | Pulmonary valve
41
What valve prevents backflow of blood into the ventricles when the ventricle is relaxed?
Semilunar valve
42
This is thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to the myocardium, the cells are weakened
Angina Pectoris
43
This is prolonged coronary blockage, the area of cells dies and are repaired with scar tissue that does not contract
Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)
44
The outer layer of the heart that helps protect and anchor it is called
Superficial fibrous pericardium
45
Name the three layers of the heart from the inside to the outside
Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium or Visceral
46
The junction between the atria and the ventricles is marked by the ______ sulcus which is also known as the atriventricular groove
Coronary
47
Cardiac muscles have features of both _____ and ____ muscle cells
Skeletal | Smooth
48
Just like smooth muscle, cardiac muscles are connected by _____ that allow ions to pass freely from cell to cell
Gap junctions
49
Gap junctions are the basis for the heart muscle to behave as a functional _____ or as a single coordinated unit
Syncytium
50
Cardiac muscles are unique because of their _____ like feature which allows for 3D networking
Branched
51
Another unique feature of cardiac muscles is that they are anchored to each other by ______ to prevent cells from separating during contraction
Desmosomes
52
The functioning gap junctions and desmosomes make up the ________
Intercalated discs
53
Cardiac muscles, like skeletal, are regulated by two ion channels, one for ____ inflow and one for ____ outflow
Sodium | Potassium
54
What makes cardiac cells unique from skeletal muscle cells is that cardiac cells have a third channel for ___ inflow
Calcium
55
Depolarization of the sarcolemma leads to opening of the voltage gated fast ___ channels and an inflow of ___ ions into the cell
Na+ | Na+
56
As the inflow of Na+ comes into the cell, it causes the reversal of the membrane potential from ___ to ___
-90 mV | +30mV
57
The depolarization wave of Na into the sarcolemma causes a release of ____ ions from the ____________ inside the cell and opens slow ___ channels in the sarcolemma
Ca Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+
58
The surge of Ca2+ _____ the depolarization phase, which can be seen as a plateau in the action potential diagram.
prolongs
59
As the first set of Ca2+ prolongs the depolarization phase an even stronger release of ___ happens. This is the basis of the ____ absolute refractory period (250ms)
Ca2+ | long
60
Just like in skeletal muscle, calcium binds to _______ which regulates access to the active ____ subunit of the thin filaments
Troponin | Actin
61
Unlike skeletal muscles, where repolarization is due to inactivation of Na+ and outflow of K+ channels, cardiac muscles are due to a combination of ________ of the Ca2+ channels and opening of the voltage gated ____ channels
inactivation | K+

The Heart- Mod 15 (2 decks)

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