lecture notes

Question 1

circulation pathways

Answer 1

pulmonary
cardiac
systemic

Question 2

stroke volume x heart rate =

Answer 2

cardiac output

Question 3

SNS

Answer 3

↑ HR, cardiac contractility, tension of blood vessels

Question 4

PNS

Answer 4

↓ HR

Question 5

atherosclerosis

Answer 5

lipid deposits on lining of arteries

Question 6

causes of atherosclerosis

Answer 6

injury to lining
- HTN, smoking, environmental exposure

Question 7

thrombosis

Answer 7

clot due to vessel wall damage/ turbulent of stagnant flow

Question 8

hypercoagulability

Answer 8

excessive clotting

Question 9

causes of hypercoagulability

Answer 9

congenital or acquired

autoimmune, cancer, myeloproliferative disorders (thrombocytopenia), sickle cell disease, polycythemia vera, oral contraceptives, vascular changes in late stage of pregnancy

Question 10

thrombus

Answer 10

blood clot w/in vascular system that impedes flow of blood

Question 11

embolus

Answer 11

any plug of material (thrombi, air, neoplasm, microorganism, amniotic fluid) that travels and can obstruct the lumen of a vessel

Question 12

thromboembolus

Answer 12

blood clot that breaks off and travels

Question 13

infarct

Answer 13

area of necrosis resulting from insufficiency of blood supply - results in loss of function of affected tissue

Question 14

infarction

Answer 14

process of obstructing a vessel

Question 15

classifications of shock

Answer 15

cardiogenic
hypovolemic
massive system vasodilation

Question 16

causes of cardiogenic shock

Answer 16

MI is leading cause
any condition that leads to inefficiency

Question 17

causes of hypovolemic shock

Answer 17

hemorrhage
burns
diarrhea
polyuria - like in DI

Question 18

massive systemic vasodilation

Answer 18

septic
neurogenic
anaphylactic

Question 19

s/s of shock

Answer 19

chest pain, SOB, labored breathing, diaphoresis, N/V

Question 20

risk factors of MI

Answer 20

family hx, HTN, smoking, cholesterol levels, comorbid DM

Question 21

MI

Answer 21

total occlusion of coronary arteries
results in ischemia/death of myocardial tissues

Question 22

cause of MI

Answer 22

atherosclerosis

Question 23

heart failure

Answer 23

heart is unable to maintain blood circulation/meed demand of tissues and organs

Question 24

HF causes

Answer 24

secondary to other conditions

MI, heart defects, infection, HTN, inflammation of heart tissue, fluid volume overload, anemia

Question 25

L sided HF s/s

Answer 25

fluid in lungs - pulm edema bilat rhonchi/crackles in base

Question 26

R side HF causes

Answer 26

L sided HF lung injury infections inflammation pulm edema

Question 27

types of lipids

Answer 27

triglycerides phospholipids steroids

Question 28

triglycerides

Answer 28

major storage form of fat in body important energy source

Question 29

phospholipids

Answer 29

essential to building plasma membranes

Question 30

steroids

Answer 30

cholesterol is most known building blocks of biochemicals: vitamin D, bile acids, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Question 31

lipoproteins

Answer 31

transport lipids through bloodstream

Question 32

LDL

Answer 32

major contributor to CAD leads to plaque buildup and atherosclerosis

Question 33

decreasing LDL decreases incidence of

Answer 33

CAD

Question 34

HDL

Answer 34

interacts w bile and excreted into feces

Question 35

hyperlipidemia

Answer 35

high levels of lipid

Question 36

hypercholesterolemia

Answer 36

form of hyperlipidemia

Answer 37

abnormal levels of lipoproteins

Question 38

causes of hyperlipidemia

Answer 38

diet high in saturated fats, trans fats, refined carbs lack of exercise inherited or acquired

Question 39

diuretic

Answer 39

furosemide ↑ urine output = ↓ fluid volume

Question 40

ACE inhibitor

Answer 40

- rils lisinopril block formation of angiotensin II = vasodilation and block aldosterone secretion = ↓ fluid volume

Question 41

angiotensin receptor blocker "arbs"

Answer 41

losartan prevent angiotensin II from reaching receptors = vasodilation

Question 42

calcium channel blockers

Answer 42

nifedipine, diltiazem block calcium ion channels in arteries = vasodilation

Question 43

beta-adrenergic antagonists - beta blockers

Answer 43

atenolol ↓ HR and myocardial contractility = ↓ cardiac output

Question 44

alpha 1 adrenergic antagonists - alpha blockers

Answer 44

doxazosin inhibit SNS activation in arterioles = vasodilation

Question 45

alpha 2 adrenergic agonists

Answer 45

clonidine ↓ SNS impulses to heart and arterioles = vasodilation

Question 46

direct acting vasodilators

Answer 46

hydralazine act on smooth muscle of arterioles = vasodilation