Lecture Notes Flashcards
1
Q
what is symbiosis?
A
living together with other eukaryotes
mutualist and host
pathogen and host
2
Q
where are protists found?
A
they are always found in moist places like leaf litter and and aquatic places
3
Q
what are plastids?
A
membrane bound organelles
one animal can take up plastids and then use the plastids to incorperate it into tissue
4
Q
what has this: membrane-enclosed nucleus
A
Eukaryotes
5
Q
what has this: endomembrane system
A
Eukaryotes
6
Q
what has this: mitochondria, chloroplasts
A
Eukaryotes
7
Q
what has this : cytoskeleton
A
Eukaryotes
8
Q
what has this : 9 + 2 flagella, multiple chromosomes of linear DNA with organizing proteins,
A
Eukaryotes
9
Q
what has this: life cycles with mitosis, meiosis, and sex.
A
Eukaryotes
10
Q
what are the 6 differences between Eukaryotes and prokaryotes:
A
membrane-enclosed nucleus
endomembrane system
mitochondria, chloroplasts
the cytoskeleton,
9 + 2 flagella, multiple chromosomes of linear DNA with organizing proteins,
and life cycles with mitosis, meiosis, and sex.
11
Q
what is a fungus:
A
decomposer
12
Q
what is the cell wall of a fungus made out of
A
chiten
13
Q
protozoan
A
animal like but single celled
14
Q
if something looks like barf it is probably
A
fungus
15
Q
if something has a nucleoid region what is it ?
A
prokaryote
16
Q
if something has a membrane bound organelle it is :
A
a eukaryote
17
Q
if a cell has mitochondria it is what ?
A
a eukaryote
18
Q
endosymbiont theory is responsible for what in eukaryotes?
A
mitochondria
19
Q
explain endosymbiont theory
A
at one time the cell and the mitochindria had a symbiotic relationtionship, and now it is necessary for cell processes to work correctly
20
Q
do all eukaryotes have chloroplasts?
A
no, on in organisms that perform photosynthesis
21
Q
if a cell has choloroplasts what kind of cell is it?
A
a eukaryote
22
Q
name 2 unique organelles that are unique to eukaryotes
A
mitochondria and chlroplasts
23
Q
if an organism has cytoskelton what kind of cell is it?
A
eukaryote
24
Q
what is cytoskeleton?
A
protein tubleues that help to keep shape of the cell, and used to move cell
25
phagocytosis
wrapping around food item and then eating something
26
what is the predicatble flagellum arrangement of flagella in eukaryotes
9+2 flagella
27
do prokaryotes have flagella?
yes , but it is not arranged in the same way as in eukaryotes
28
what is the relationship between the flaggelum in prokarotes and eukaryotes
they are similar due to convergent evolution, not a common ancestor
29
if something has circular choromosome with very little proteins what kind of organism is it ?
prokaryote
30
if something has linear dna what kind of organism is it
eukaryote
31
if something has histomes also known as organizing dna , what kind of organism is it?
a eukaryote
32
if something perfoms conjugation what kind of organism
prokaryote
33
if something has sex what kind of organism is it
Eukaryote
34
do all protozoans have a common ancestor?
no
35
name 4 defining characteristics of protozoans
resemble animals
heterotrophic
single celled
motile
36
are protozoans a monophyletic group ?
no! everything that is considered a protozoan does not have a common ancestor. they are just grouped together because :
1. motile
2. single celled
3. heterotropic
4. resemble animals
37
what is another word for mold
decomposer, spread on food , fuzzy
38
if something is fuzzy what is it likely
its is a fungal mold
39
what is mold a description of ?
what you are doing, not who you are
40
name 3 defining characteristics of mold
fuzzy
decomposer
spread on food
41
name 4 characteristics of algae
photosynthetic
not plants
not bacteria
aquatic
42
another word for sea weed is what
algae
43
what are the 2 criteria for plants
vascular tissue
| adapted to life on land
44
are blue green algae algae?
no, blue green algae (cyanobacteria) are bacteria, not eukaryotes
45
is kelp a plant?
no it is algae
46
is sea weed a plant?
no it is algae
47
can algae resemble plants?
yes, they can have division of labor, like in sea weed, but they are not adapted for land, and they do not have vascular tissue so they are not plants
48
what does plankton mean?
a wanderer, it is at the whim or mercy of currents, aquatic
49
can plankton be plant and animal like ?
yes
50
what are phytoplankton
plant like plankton that can do photosynthesis
51
define phytoplankton
aquatic, perform photosynthsis, float
52
what is animal larvae called
zooplankton
53
what is another word for rice of the sea
phytoplankton
54
what is another word for kibble of the sea
zooplankton
55
what is at the base of the food chain, and provides food for other animals?
plankton
56
can protozoans be zooplankton?
yes
57
can protozoans be phytoplankton
no
58
photoheterotrophs are prokaryotes or eukaryotes
prokaryotes
59
are photoautotrophs prokaryotes or eukaryotes
eukaryotes
60
define photoautotroph
like plants, use light energy to make ATP, brings in carbon
61
are heterotrophs Eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
Eukaryotic
62
describe Heterotrophs
they are like us, they are dependent on carbon coming in from an organic source
63
who can be a mixotroph
a protist
64
what is a mixotroph?
prostists can switch between photoautotrophy, and chemoheterotrophy
65
how do most protists move?
using flagella, which is a longer form of acillium, which makes a whipping action
66
how many sets of chromosomes do we have
23
67
how many total chromosomes do we have
46
68
are we diploid or haploid
diploid
69
2n---> is what?
meiosis
70
n---> n is what
mitosis
71
describe meiosis
unique combinations of daughter cells, shuffling, not identical cells
72
describe mitosis
making clones, making identical cells
73
what is ploidy number in humans
2n
74
gamete production is an example of meiosis of mitosis
meiosis
75
what is the role of gametes
to fertilize other gametes, make a fusion happen,
76
what is syngamete
fertilization
77
what is the ploidy number of zygote
2n
78
zygote goes through what
mitosis
79
animals life cycle is dominated by haploid or diploid
diploid
80
gametes are made by which process?
meiosis
81
what does the zygote undergo in animal life cycle?
mitosis
82
what is the role of a spore?
it is to germinate
83
what is the gametes job?
to fuse
84
is a spore diploid or haploid?
haploid
85
what are hypae?
fillments born from spores
86
what does a mushroom represent?
a mingling of 2 spores
87
is a mushroom diploid or haploid ?
haploid
88
where does fertilization happen in a mushroom?
in the gills of a mushroom
89
what is the brown dust found in a mushroom
spores from the zygote
90
what are the role of spores
to restore the haploid condition
91
in fungus how are gametes made
by mitosis
92
in fungus what do zygotes undergo?
mieosis
93
what is another name for the plant life cycle
alternation of generations
94
is a plant (fern) diploid or haploid
diploid
95
what is found on the underside of fern leaves
spores
96
the spores on the under side of a plant are the product of what?
the product of meiosis
97
how is the plant life cycle similar to ours?
it goes through mitosis to get bigger
98
how is the plant life cycle different than ours?
the plant life cycle makes spores, we dont
99
why is the plant life cycle called the alternation of generations?
1. it has a mullticellular diploid structure
| 2. mulitcellular haploid structure (sperm making more cells and walking down the street)
100
out of the which of the 3 life cycles, which one goes through meiosis to make gametes?
animal
101
what is a gametophyte
make gametes through mitosis in the plant life cycle
102
how do fungus and animal structures make gametes
through mitosis
103
what is a sporophyte
in the plant life cycle, they go though the meiosis to make spores
104
where are protists found?
moist places (aquatic, marine or fresh, terrestrial in leaflitter)
105
what is symbiosis
living together with other protists having some kind of relationship
106
in a symbiotic relationship what is the bigger partner called
a host
107
does the host in a symbiotic relationship have to be benefitting?
no, it just refers to the bigger organism
108
what are plastids
membrane bound organelles found in eukaryotes ex chlorplasts in plants,
109
do all plastids do photosytheis?
no, they dont, but most of them are there from endosymbiont theory,
110
describe the endosymbiont relationship between chlorplasts and eukaryotic cells
eukaryote swallows a cell that can do photosythesis, a mutualist relationship forms so that they can not live without each other
111
what is evidence of endosymbiosis
multiple membranes
112
what is the name of the animal capable of photosynthesis
the marine slug
113
what is the synapomorphy of excavata?
groove on the side of cullular body
114
what does giardia do?
it causes diareeha
115
when people say " dont drink the water" are they worried about what
giardia (diplomonad) (excavata)
116
what is the trichomonas vaginallis?
an std, (parabasilid) (excavata), not many symptoms in males, itching in males, microscopic
117
what is trypanosoma?
causes sleeping sickness (Euglenozoans) ( Excavata)
118
what is unique about euglina
it is a mixotroph, (Euglenozoan) (excavata)
119
is euglena harmful
no
120
what does sleeping sickness do
always tired, causes damage to organs and death
121
alveolites and stramenopiles are under what supergroup?
chromovelata
122
what are dinoflagellates?
they have armored shells, 2 flagella, they are an example of alveolata, they live in water (chromalveolata)
123
what do dinoflagellates look like?
they are olive or red, they are in bodies of water
124
are all red tides bad
no, some look bad but arent
125
what is the ecological role of dinophlagellates?
to be primary producers
126
what is unique about pfisteria
it is a dinoflagellate that is a heterotroph ( they catch food through toxic chemicals
127
what can happen if there is to0 much
| pfesteria in the water?
it can cause toxic blooms, because since they are heterotrophs they poison they food that they are going to eat. therefore there will be excess amounts of toxins in the bodies of shell fish. when humans eat the shell fish they get very sick
128
what animals are likely to be affected by pfesteria if there is a lot of them
shell fish , they are filter feeders. their tissues can pick up LARGE concentrations of pfesteria toxins. when humans eat the shell fish, they get very sick!
129
if someone says " dont eat the shell fish" what are they likely referring to?
pfesteria red tides. the toxins caused by pfesteria are high in the shell fish bodies. when humans eat this we get sick!
130
what is one likely cause of red tides that is linked with cultural eutrophication?
using fertilizers is causing the red tides of pfesteria. this is more and more common!
131
where does ciguatera poisoning usually happen?
puerto rico
132
what causes ciguaterra poisioning
dinoflaggelates
133
what do corrals have in them to make unique blooms?
dinoflagellates called zooxanthelle
134
if you disturb water and see light what are you likley looking at?
dinoflagellates
135
what is the purpose of having some dinoflagellates put out light?
to bring predators to your predators
136
what is the primary ecological role of dinoflagellates
primary producers
137
what group does malaria belong to ?
chromaveolata (alveolites)
138
what goes into human when someone gets malaria
sporozoites
139
what group does malaria belong to
alveolite, apicomplexans,plasmodium
140
name the 3 clades of alveolites
dinoflagellates, apicomplexeans, cilliates
141
what is the characteristc of streminopilas
hairy looking flagellum
