Lecture Notes: Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the subdivisions of anatomy?

Answer 1

• Gross/ Macroscopic anatomy
• Regional anatomy
• System anatomy
• Surface anatomy
• Microscopic anatomy (cytology + histology)
• Developmental anatomy

Question 2

Definition of Physiology:

Answer 2

The study of how the body and its parts work and function

Question 3

Definition of Anatomy:

Answer 3

The study of the structure and parts of the body

Question 4

True or False: The human body is organized from whole organism level to smallest chemical level?

Answer 4

False.
- The human body is organized from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level

Question 5

What’s the level order of the organization of the human body?

Answer 5

Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
Organ System level
Organismal level

Question 6

Homeostasis A.K.A?

Answer 6

Balance

Question 7

Maintenance of life involves?

Answer 7

Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion
Metabolism
Excretion
Reproduction
Growth

Question 8

True or False: Humans are multicellular to function individual cells must be kept alive

Answer 8

True

Question 9

How many organ systems are there?

Answer 9

11 organ systems

Question 10

What is the goal of all 11 organ systems?

Answer 10

To maintain life

Question 11

What is the Integumentary system consisted of?

Answer 11

Hair, Skin, and Nails

Question 12

What does the Integumentary system do?

Answer 12

Protects the body, regulates temperature, and prevents water loss

Question 13

What is the Skeletal system consisted of?

Answer 13

Bones and Joints

Question 14

What does the Skeletal system do?

Answer 14

Supports the body, protects organs, and produces blood cells

Question 15

What is the Muscular system consisted of?

Answer 15

Skeletal muscles

Question 16

What does the Muscular system do?

Answer 16

Allows movement and maintains posture

Question 17

What is the Nervous system consisted of?

Answer 17

Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerves

Question 18

What does the Nervous system do?

Answer 18

Controls body activities and responds to changes

Question 19

What is the Endocrine system consisted of?

Answer 19

Pineal gland, Thyroid gland, Pituitary gland, Thymus, Adrenal gland, Pancreas, Testis, Ovary

Question 20

What does the Endocrine system do?

Answer 20

Regulates hormones and body processes

Question 21

What is the Cardiovascular system consisted of?

Answer 21

Heart, Blood vessels

Question 22

What does the Cardiovascular system do?

Answer 22

Transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients

Question 23

What is the Lymphatic system/ Immunity consisted of?

Answer 23

Redbone marrow, Thymus, Lymphatic vessels, Thoracic duct, Spleen, Lymph nodes

Question 24

What does the Lymphatic system/ Immunity do?

Answer 24

Defends against infection and maintains fluid balance

Question 25

What is the Respiratory system consisted of?

Answer 25

Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchus, Lung

Question 26

What does the Respiratory system do?

Answer 26

Supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Question 27

What is the Digestive system consisted of?

Answer 27

Oral cavity, Esophagus, Liver, Stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, Rectum, Anus

Question 28

What does the Digestive system do?

Answer 28

Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

Question 29

What is the Urinary system consisted of?

Answer 29

Kidney, Urinary bladder, Urethra, Ureter

Question 30

What does the Urinary system do?

Answer 30

Removes waste and regulates water and electrolytes

Question 31

What is the Male Reproductive system consisted of?

Answer 31

Testes, Prostate gland, Penis

Question 32

What does the Male Reproductive system do?

Answer 32

Produces and delivers sperm for reproduction and secretes hormones, such as testosterone, which regulate reproductive processes and male characteristics

Question 33

What is the Female Reproductive system consisted of?

Answer 33

Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Cervix, Vagina

Question 34

What does the Female Reproductive system do?

Answer 34

Produces eggs, provides the environment for fertilization and fetal development, and nourishes newborns through milk production

Question 35

What are the survival needs?

Answer 35

Nutrients, Oxygen, Water, Normal body temperature, Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Question 36

Define Homeostatic variables:

Answer 36

Are the specific factors or conditions in the body that must be maintained within a narrow range to support life and proper function

Question 37

List some Homeostatic Variables:

Answer 37

Blood sugar (glucose) Body Temperature Blood Volume Blood Pressure Chemical Composition of Blood

Question 38

True or False: Homeostatic don't have to maintained within preset ranges?

Answer 38

False

Question 39

What are the Homeostatic control mechanisms?

Answer 39

Receptor (sensor) Control center Effector

Question 40

Is negative feedback or positive feedback common in the body?

Answer 40

Negative feedback is more common in the body?

Question 41

Is positive feedback rare or common in the body?

Answer 41

Positive feedback is rare in the body

Question 42

Homoeostatic Control Mechanisms: What does the receptor do?

Answer 42

The receptor is the sensor. It receives the information

Question 43

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms: What does the control center do?

Answer 43

The set points/ set ranges are held in the control center

Question 44

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms: What does the effector do?

Answer 44

" Makes changes to put it back " based on what the ranges are from info from control center

Question 45

Define negative feedback mechanisms:

Answer 45

A process that reduces or reverses a change in a homeostatic variable, bringing it back to normal range

Question 46

Define positive feedback mechanisms:

Answer 46

A process that increases a change in a homeostatic variable, moving it further away from its normal range temporarily

Question 47

What is the purpose of negative feedback?

Answer 47

Maintains stability and balance in the body

Question 48

What is the purpose of positive feedback?

Answer 48

Enhances a process until a specific outcome is achieved

Question 49

Examples of negative feedback mechanisms:

Answer 49

Regulation of body temperature (sweating or shivering) Blood sugar control via insulin Blood pressure regulation

Question 50

Examples of positive feedback mechanisms:

Answer 50

Blood clotting during injury Uterine contractions during childbirth

Question 51

Simple definitions of negative and positive feedback mechanisms:

Answer 51

negative feedback: counteracts change to maintain stability positive feedback: reinforces change to achieve a specific result