Lecture notes Dr Scott Summer session

Question 1

While in interphase how does DNA exist?

Answer 1

As chromatin

Question 2

1 chromosome equals how many DNA?

Answer 2

1 piece of DNA just physically attached

Question 3

After replication but before division a chromosome has what kind of chromatids?

Answer 3

2 sister chromatid (when they separate they are chromosomes)

Question 4

cell division in prokaryotes is called

Answer 4

binary fission (two daughter cells identical to mother)

Question 5

cell division in eukaryotes is called

Answer 5

Mitosis (two daughter cells identical to mother)

Question 6

Does meiosis occur in prokaryotes?

Answer 6

No! Only eukaroyote (but not all)

Question 7

90-95% of the cell life is spent where?

Answer 7

In interphase- the cell is working and doing it’s job

Question 8

3 main parts of interphase

Answer 8

G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase

Question 9

the cell is doing more than it is regular duties, growing and working which phase of interphase is this?

Answer 9

G1 phase

Question 10

The cell starts to copy DNA, going from single stranded chomatin to the double stranded form. Which phase of interphase is this?

Answer 10

S phase

Question 11

The cell is getting ready for division, making sure all organelles expanded enough. After this phase the cell will be ready to divide and enter Mitosis.

Answer 11

G2 phase

Question 12

DNA is condensed into chromosomes. The centrosomes move and devide by pushing eachother with microtubes to the opposite poles of the cell. Creating fingers that reach out across the creating a spindle
Which phase in mitosis

Answer 12

Prophase

Question 13

Which phase in mitosis- the nucleur envelope needs to be broke down, the spindles attach to the chromosomes at the centermere and have a pushing battle

Answer 13

Prometaphase

Question 14

which phase of mitosis pushes the chromosomes to the middle of the cells equater. the cells line up

Answer 14

metaphase

Question 15

the centermeres split the sister chromatids going from one double stranded chromosome to 2 single stranded chromosomes. The spindle fibers shorten and pull the chromatides apart creating a “V” shaped. Each pole has one copy of genome

Answer 15

Anaphase

Question 16

Final stage of mitosis where there are two nuclear envelopes reforming creating to nuclei. Chromosomes disperse and spindles go away

Answer 16

Telophase

Question 17

The division of the cytoplasm to make two cells

Answer 17

Cytokinesis

Question 18

Membranes pulling in and creating two daughter cells

Answer 18

Cleavage furros

Question 19

How do plants separate cells?

Answer 19

work from the inside and build a cell wall until it gets bigger and separates into two daughter cells.

Question 20

the three check points (stops) to control cell cycle are located at

Answer 20

G1, M, and G2

Question 21

G1 check point (stop) is located? and what is required to continue to the next level

Answer 21

at the end of the G1 point to enter s phase.

must have enough nutrients and be large enough and DNA must be good.

Question 22

Where do cells go if they are stopped at the G1 Check and do not qualify to continue?

Answer 22

G0-for cells to never divide like nureons and skin cells

Question 23

G2 check point

Answer 23

makes sure replication was successful and complete. Finds big errors

Question 24

Metaphase check point

Answer 24

cell will not progess until all the chromosomes have lined up with two spindles attached to them.

Question 25

Cell elongates and pinches off in the center creating two identical daughter cells is cell division in bacteria... which is..

Answer 25

Binary Fission

Question 26

Why do cells divide?

Answer 26

For reproduction, growth and to repair

Question 27

what are the pros to asexual reproduction?

Answer 27

fast, energy saving, passing 100% of your genes to your offspring

Question 28

What are the cons to asexual reproduction

Answer 28

no genetic diversity the population is all the same

Question 29

Recombination is

Answer 29

the exchange of information between the chromosomes can create new variations on the genetic gene

Question 30

multi cell stage adult (2n) with in gonads there will be a sex cell that undergoes meiosis to form gamets (haploids) eggs and sperms (1n) the union of an egg and sperm by fertilazation makes a zygote (2n). what life cycle is this? Animals, fungi or plants?

Answer 30

Animals (diplonic life cycle)

Question 31

multicellular organisms that are haploid. positive and negative gamete are produced by mitosis. when fertilized the two haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote. immediatly dividing by meiosis to produce haploid structures called spores

Answer 31

Fungi life cycle

Question 32

what is the only way that a haploid cell can divide?

Answer 32

through mitosis

Question 33

Through meiosis in fungi do they produce gametes or spores?

Answer 33

spores

Question 34

Meiosis only occur in animal life cycle True or Falso

Answer 34

False it is important in all 3 life cycles

Question 35

what is a major difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 35

2 rounds of cells that follow DNA replication

Question 36

1 mother cell making twoidentical daughter cells

Answer 36

mitosis

Question 37

1 mother cell making two daughter cells then they make 4 daughter cells

Answer 37

meiosis

Question 38

Meiosis only occurs in what kind of cells? | Diploid or haploid?

Answer 38

diploid

Question 39

when can crossing over occur?

Answer 39

prophase 1

Question 40

What is crossing over?

Answer 40

exchange between non sister chromatids

Question 41

what are two things that happen in meiosis that does not occur in mitosis?

Answer 41

Homogulous chromosomes and crossing over

Question 42

anaphase 2 what separates?

Answer 42

homologues separate *NOT chromatides*

Question 43

Mitosis-->DNA replication before mitosis-->mitosis occurs in all cells of the boyd-->mitosis ploidy diploid no reduction in chromosome numbers-->number of cell division, once cell division RESULTING IN HOW MANY DAUGHTER CELLS?

Answer 43

2 identical daughter cells

Question 44

Meiosis-->DNA replication before Meiosis 1 only-->mitosis only occurs in the sex cells -->starting with diploid sex cells resulting in HOW MANY DAUGHTER CELLS?

Answer 44

4 unique gamates

Question 45

Mitosis occurs where? in plant and fungi?

Answer 45

Sporangium where spores are reproduced

Question 46

independant assortment

Answer 46

how the tetrads land on the metapase 1 plate (random)

Question 47

biggest source of variation is?

Answer 47

Crossing over (the exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatides.

Question 48

random fertilization

Answer 48

1 in 18 million possibilities

Question 49

3 genetic variation sources

Answer 49

independant assortment crossing over random fertilization

Question 50

what phase does crossing over occur in?

Answer 50

Prophase 1

Question 51

In prophase 1 the exchanging of DNA between non sister cromatids is called

Answer 51

Crossing over

Question 52

``` 2 homogolous=4 different gametes Humans is 2 to the exponent 23 (chromosomes of gametes) is what kind of genetic variation? independant crossing over random fertiliazation ```

Answer 52

Independant assortment

Question 53

a genetic variation where every sperm is 1 in 8 mil and the egg it randomly fertilizes is 1 in 8 mil creating a 1 in 64 million chance is what?

Answer 53

Random fertilization

Question 54

What phase of meiosis does abnromal seperation of chromatid sisters occur in?

Answer 54

Anaphas 1 or 2

Question 55

What is the abnormal seperation of chromatid sisters called?

Answer 55

Non disjunction

Question 56

abnormal cell with 3 chromosome is called

Answer 56

N+1 because it has an extra chromosome

Question 57

abnormal cell with 1 chromosome is called

Answer 57

N-1 because it is missing a chromosome

Question 58

3 copies of one chromosome (n+1) is also called

Answer 58

Trisomy

Question 59

Trisomy 21 is

Answer 59

Down syndrome- increase with mothers age- non-disjunction with eggs

Question 60

Organism characteristic

Answer 60

Trait (flower color, position etc)

Question 61

Specific characteristic

Answer 61

Phenotype (purple and white flowers)

Question 62

DNA that encode for a protein

Answer 62

Gene (enzyme that makes the purple pigment)

Question 63

has been altered and changed encodes for a protein

Answer 63

Mutant gene (faulty enzyme that does not produce pigment)

Question 64

alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome.

Answer 64

Alleles

Question 65

3/4 purple and 1/4 white (3:1 ratio) on a monohybride cross is what kind of ratio

Answer 65

Phenotypic ratio (dominant versus recessive)

Question 66

1 allele from each parent 50% 1 is homozygote recessive 2 are heterzygote and 1 is homozygote dominant is what kind of ratio? 1:2:1 Genotypic or phenotypic?

Answer 66

Genotypic

Question 67

what kind of cross is taking the unknown and crossing it with a homozygous recessive to find out its genotype?

Answer 67

Test Cross

Question 68

In a test cross if all the offspring are of the dominate phenotype (purple) the unknown parent was____ but if there was a 50/50 split then the parent is_____

Answer 68

Homozygous, heterzygous

Question 69

Genes on separate chromosomes do not assort dependently they assort_______

Answer 69

independently

Question 70

9:3:3:1 ratio is a phenotypical ratio of what kind of cross?

Answer 70

Dihybrid cross

Question 71

1:1 ratio

Answer 71

Test cross when the unknown is a heterzygote

Question 72

Recessive allele is not completely hidden

Answer 72

Incomplete dominance

Question 73

1:2:1 ratio

Answer 73

incomplete dominance

Question 74

the sequence of steps in the Mphase of the cell cycle is_____

Answer 74

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase and cytokinesis

Question 75

proteins that involved in regulation of the cell cycle and show fluctiations in concentration during the cell cycle are called

Answer 75

cyclins

Question 76

________ and multiple alleles are illustrated of the ABO blood group in humans

Answer 76

Co-dominance

Question 77

TRUE OR FALSE in metaphase 2 of meiosis the cell is halpoid and the chromosomes are double stranded

Answer 77

TRUE

Question 78

In a cell the process of assembling a specific protein using the sequence of bases in mRNA is known as_______.

Answer 78

Translation

Question 79

In eukaryotic cells DNA replication occurs_____>

Answer 79

during the S phase of the cell cycle

Question 80

what are directly involved in translation?

Answer 80

mRNA tRNA large ribosome subunit small ribosome subunit

Question 81

in a cell the actual assembly of the correct number of amino acids in the correct sequence in a polypeptide chain is referred to as___

Answer 81

translation