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Biology > Lecture Number 4 - Structure And Functions Of Macromolecules > Flashcards

Lecture Number 4 - Structure And Functions Of Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Backbone of molecules

A

Carbon based molecules

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2
Q

Carbons distinctive properties

A

Four valence electrons, can form four covalent bonds with other moelcules or atoms

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3
Q

Functional groups of carbon

A

Componets that attatch itself to carbon to give it distinct properties

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4
Q

Polymer

A

Composed of monomers

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5
Q

Monomers

A

Single unit

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6
Q

How do monomers create polymers

A

Dehydration reaction happens when two or more monomers join together because of the loss of water

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7
Q

Enzymes

A

Macromolecules that speed up dehydration

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8
Q

Polymores to monomers

A

Hydrolysis break down polymers into monomers

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9
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules compsed of thousand of covalent bonded atoms

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10
Q

4 groups of macromolecules

A

Protein
Carb
Lipids
Nucleic acids

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars and polymers of sugars

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12
Q

Polyssaccharides

A

Polymoers composed of many sugar building blocks

Linked toether b glycosidic bonds formed by condensation

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13
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Fuel fr ceels and raw material for building molecules

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14
Q

Structural isomers

A

Identical moelcular formulas but diff structure

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15
Q

Sucorse

A

Glucose and fructose

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16
Q

Lactose

A

Glucose and galactose

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17
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose and glucose

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18
Q

Roles of polysaccharides

A

To store energy

Structural polysaccharides

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19
Q

Cellulose

A

Indigetsibkle polysaccharide made by reapting units of glucose
Humans lack enzyme to digest cellulose

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20
Q

Lipids n

A

Form of biological molecules that do not form polymers

Have little to n affnity bfor water, hydrophobic

21
Q

Why do lipids have little affinity for water

A

Made up of hydrocarbons which are non polar covelnt bonds

22
Q

Roles of lipids

A

Store energy
Insulates from cold
Protect internal organs

23
Q

What are the 2 molecules fat is made from

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

24
Q

Glycerol

A

3 carbon alchahol with hydrocl group attcthed

25
Q

Fatty acids

A

Hold alot of energy

26
Q

Satrurated fats

A

Saturated fatty acids

Max amount of hydrigen atoms and no douvblen bonds

27
Q

Unsaturated fats

A

Unsatirated fatty acids
One or more double bonds
Certain unsaturated fats cannot be made by the human body

28
Q

Omega 3

A

Essetial fatty acid

29
Q

Hydrogenation

A

Turnin unstaurated fats into saturated fats by adding hydrogen

30
Q

Trans fats

A

Created from hydrogenation, conatin double bonds

31
Q

Two major components of all cell membranes

A

Phospholipid molecules

Protein molecules

32
Q

Phospholipids

A

Composed of two fatty acids and phosphate group, attatched to glycverol

33
Q

Steroids

A

Consist of four interlocking carbn ring compounds hat attahc to various molecules

34
Q

Hormones

A

Compunds released by specific cells in one area of the organism that sned out messages that affect other cells

35
Q

Lipid soluble

A

Diffuse dairly easy frm blood into other target cytoplams

36
Q

Proteins

A

50% of dry mass in the body

Broken down into amino acids

37
Q

Amino acid monomers

A

Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino acid groups

Can be used to make the proteins that the body needs

38
Q

Amino acid polymers

A

Liked by peptide bonds

39
Q

Polypeptide

A

Polymer of amino acids

Each has a unique linear sequence of amino acids

40
Q

Funtional protein

A

One or more polypeptides formed into a unique shape

41
Q

What determines a proteins 3d shape

A

The sequence of amino acids

42
Q

Primary structure

A

Determined by inherited genetic infto

Number of infot and sequence

43
Q

Secondary structure

A

Coilds and folds from hydrogen bonds from repeating constituents of th ebackbone

44
Q

Tertiary structure

A

Determined by interactions between R groups

Interactiosn include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions

45
Q

Disulfide bridges

A

Strong covalent bonds that reinforce the protein conformation

46
Q

Quarterary structure

A

Two or more polypeptide cahins from one macromolecule

47
Q

Collagen

A

Fiborous protein that contains 3 polypeptides

48
Q

Sickle cells desease

A

Examples of a chnge in primary stricture
Inherited blood disorder where glutamic acid is substitudes with valine (one small chnage in primary structure can affect proteins configuration)

Biology (7 decks)

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