Lecture one

Question 1

___________ knowledge and understanding that is believed to be true because it has been traditionally accepted.

Answer 1

tradition

Question 2

No one has stopped to question the assumption that the ________ is right

Answer 2

tradition

Question 3

__________ _________ is information or understanding from experiencing something firsthand

Answer 3

personal information

Question 4

________ _________ understanding and believing in an idea based on a gut instinct or through personal insight

Answer 4

intuitive knowledge

Question 5

_______ the application of thought and reasoning to come to a conclusion

Answer 5

logic

Question 6

T/F a logical process doesn’t make the conclusion correct

Answer 6

true

Question 7

_________ __________, careful, detailed study into a specific problem, concern, or issue

Answer 7

scientific research

Question 8

scientific research uses the ________ ________

Answer 8

scientific method

Question 9

in scientific research, one will _________ to answer the question

Answer 9

research

Question 10

scientific research is a __________ stepped process used for investigating, acquiring or expanding understanding

Answer 10

logically

Question 11

the finding of scientific research can be __________ and demonstrated to be consistent

Answer 11

reproduced

Question 12

____________; initial building block for the scientific method

Answer 12

hypothesis

Question 13

a hypothesis is an educated guess based on ________ __________ and ___________

Answer 13

prior knowledge and observation

Question 14

a hypothesis is ________

Answer 14

testable

Question 15

a ___________ hypothesis; a hunch or idea intended to explain justify or account for a phenomenon or action

Answer 15

general

Question 16

a ___________ hypothesis is the framework for observations and facts

Answer 16

scientific

Question 17

the way facts are interpreted in a scientific hypothesis are _________,__________ and ________

Answer 17

careful, rational and systematic

Question 18

scientific ________ can be supported or rejected and improved or modified

Answer 18

theory

Question 19

scientific _____ is a description of observed phenomena

Answer 19

law

Question 20

scientific theory is ___________; used to develop inventions or find cures

Answer 20

predictive

Question 21

scientific theory explains __________ gathered during scientific process

Answer 21

observations

Question 22

scientific law; descriptions hold _____ every time it is tested

Answer 22

true

Question 23

__________: knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through the scientific method and concerned with the physical world

Answer 23

science

Question 24

Science: systemic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through _____________ and ___________

Answer 24

observations and experimentation

Question 25

___________, any of the branches of natural or physical sciences

Answer 25

science

Question 26

__________ ____________; either supports or disconfirms a scientific hypothesis or theory

Answer 26

scientific evidence

Question 27

scientific evidence does not ________ or _________ a hypothesis or theory

Answer 27

prove or disprove

Question 28

_________ is plural and diverse

Answer 28

evidence

Question 29

___________ _________; anatomy, neurology, physiology, pathology, psychology, sociology

Answer 29

scientific knowledge

Question 30

scientific evidence includes ________ ________

Answer 30

scientific laws

Question 31

scientific evidence is underpinned by __________

Answer 31

philosophy

Question 32

________ ________; the awakening of the intellect to the study of itself

Answer 32

critical thinking

Question 33

critically thinking is the ___________ ________ process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing and or evaluating ________ gathered from or generated by observation, experience, reflection, reasoning or communication

Answer 33

intellectually disciplined information

Question 34

critical thinking is a guide to _______ and _______

Answer 34

belief and action

Question 35

________ _________; a mode of thinking applied to any scientific subject, content, or problem in which the thinker improves the quality of their thinking by imposing intellectual standards of critical thinking

Answer 35

scientific thinking

Question 36

there are two major ways of obtaining data __________ and ________

Answer 36

measurement and observation

Question 37

the __________ ________; a systematic and organized set of steps that require some type of measurement to analyze results related to theories of what we know about the world

Answer 37

scientific method

Question 38

science contributes to our _________ knowledge

Answer 38

empirical

Question 39

the scientific method provides the _________ ________ and research methods within which we are able to successfully describe, explain and predict the nature of the world

Answer 39

theoretical frameworks

Question 40

________ __________; relies on or derived from observation or experiment, verifiable or provable by means of observations or experiment.

Answer 40

empirical knowledge

Question 41

___________ __________, application of existing basic and clinical science to a new hypothesis to assess how likely an idea is to be true. Applies prior biological and medical knowledge and scientific laws.

Answer 41

biological plausibility

Question 42

biological plausibility is broken into 3 broad categories, _________, __________/unknown and __________

Answer 42

known, neutral, implausable

Question 43

____________ based practice; based on the principle that informed medical decision-making is achieved by integrating the best available evidence with clinical expertise and patient values

Answer 43

evidence (EBP)

Question 44

___________ based practice, evaluates medical treatments, research and products of interest to the public in a scientific light in relation to prior scientific (biological) plausibility, known physical laws and logic

Answer 44

science

Question 45

science-based practice considers EBP by itself is incomplete when it lacks consideration of ___________

Answer 45

plausibility

Question 46

_________ effect in research AKA non-specific treatment effect (NSTE)

Answer 46

placebo

Question 47

placebo group = control of ___________

Answer 47

expectations

Question 48

when a participant does not know if they are receiving real or inert treatment this is __________ in research

Answer 48

placebo

Question 49

placebo = __________ treatment

Answer 49

inert

Question 50

____________ effects: psychological, suggestion conditioning, neurobiological - does not improve objective measurements but MAY improve subjective reports

Answer 50

contextual

Question 51

objective measurements include ___________ rates, infection recovery rates, pulmonary function, _____

Answer 51

survival rates ROM

Question 52

subjective reports include __________, pain, feels easier to _______ or ________

Answer 52

nausea easier to move or breathe

Question 53

_____________ to the mean is a statistical phenomenon

Answer 53

regression to the mean (RTM)

Question 54

__________ __________ in repeated data, looks like real change

Answer 54

natural variation

Question 55

_____________ alternative medicine (CAM); a spectrum of beliefs and claims about health, disease and treatments that are enthusiastically advocated but scientifically unproven

Answer 55

complimentary

Question 56

to be considered as medicine it has to be supported, tested or testable and most importantly __________

Answer 56

plausible

Question 57

___________ is the attitude of doubting knowledge claims set forth in various areas

Answer 57

skepticism

Question 58

skeptics challenge claims ___________ or _________

Answer 58

adequacy or reliability

Question 59

questioning the ________ truth of claims (skepticism)

Answer 59

alleged

Question 60

challenged the purported rational ground of __________ ____________

Answer 60

accepted assumptions

Question 61

scientific skepticism defines skepticism around the principles of scientific investigation or the ___________ method

Answer 61

scientific

Question 62

specifically, scientific skepticism addresses ________ claims

Answer 62

testable

Question 63

untestable claims are simply outside the realm of _________

Answer 63

science

Question 64

ethics and autonomy relates to the ________, who has the capacity to think, decide and act on their own initiative

Answer 64

patient

Question 65

ethics __________ is promoting what is best for the patient, general moral principal of doing good by others

Answer 65

beneficence

Question 66

ethics _____ __________; do no harm

Answer 66

non- maleficence

Question 67

Do the needs of few outweigh the needs of many? This is an example of ethics _________

Answer 67

justice

Question 68

___________; the knowledge and justified belief and the creation and dissemination of knowledge

Answer 68

epistemology

Question 69

__________; the science of being that deals with the nature of reality. The field is dedicated towards understanding whether things exist or do not exist

Answer 69

ontology

Question 70

_________ a trust, faith or acceptance that a statement is true or a thing exists

Answer 70

belief

Question 71

a personal choice to maintain a belief that has an __________ hypothesis is best labeled faith

Answer 71

untestable

Question 72

____________; knowledge requires this in order to ensure that the known proposition is not just a lucky guess

Answer 72

justification

Question 73

the concept of justification is used differently depending on if we are justifying an _________ or a ____________

Answer 73

an action or a belief

Question 74

___________; where evidence consists of perceptual, introspective, memorial, and intuitional experiences

Answer 74

evidentialism

Question 75

___________; justification occurs not from the possession of evidence but if the original cognitive processes

Answer 75

reliabilism

Question 76

____________ and _________ are oppositional concepts used in science

Answer 76

rationalism and empiricism

Question 77

___________, knowledge gained independently of sense experience

Answer 77

rationalism

Question 78

___________; some propositions in a particular subject are knowable by intuition alone

Answer 78

induction

Question 79

__________; conclusions derived from intuited premises through valid arguments- the conclusion must be true if the premise is true

Answer 79

deduction

Question 80

_________ the ability to understand something immediately without the need for conscious reasoning

Answer 80

intuition

Question 81

__________ the acquisition of knowledge through observation and experience

Answer 81

empiricism

Question 82

with _________, science combines empiricism and rationalism into a cycle of progressive knowledge seeking to validate rationalist conclusions and assumptions through empirical methods of observation and experience

Answer 82

research