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MCAT Biology. > Lecture One. > Flashcards

Lecture One. Flashcards

1
Q

Most macromolecules are broken apart by ____

and formed by ____

A

Hydrolysis , Dehydration

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2
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking a bond by adding the H and OH of water to either end.

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3
Q

Dehydration

A

Two molecules are combine to form a large molecule and water is formed as a by product.

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4
Q

Lipids Play Roles in :

A

Energy Storage , Cellular Organization and Structure in the membrane , start of vitamins and hormones .

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5
Q

Fatty Acids:

A

act as fuel for the body and are components of the membrane.

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6
Q

Triacylglycerols (Fats):

A

Function to store energy and to provide thermal insulation and padding.

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7
Q

Amphipathic

A

molecules that have a polar and nonpolar end.

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8
Q

Steroids

A

Regulate metabolic activities

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9
Q

The Liver Regulates

A

the blood glucose level

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10
Q

Plants Use _____ for long term storage

A

Starch ( amylose and amylopectin)

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11
Q

For plants Cellulose is Used

A

for structure and not energy , non-digestible in humans

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12
Q

Nucleotides are made up of …

A

Five carbon (pentose) sugar , a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

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13
Q

Nucleotides are joined together by

A

phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the third carbon of the pentose sugar of the other nucleotide ( sugar-phosphate back bone)

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14
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine ( Two ring structures)

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15
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Cytosine and Thymine ( Single ring structures)

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16
Q

The Structure of RNA

A

Hydoxyl group attached to sugar, single stranded , contain uracil, and isn’t confined to the nucleus like DNA.

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17
Q

Amino Acids are linked by ________ to create protiens

A

Peptide bonds

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18
Q

Primary structure

A

the number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

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19
Q

Secondary structure

A

alpha-helix and beta-sheet structures contribute to the overall shape, conformation, of the protein

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20
Q

tertiary structure

A

refers to the three dimensional shape formed by curls and folds in the peptide chain

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21
Q

quaternary structure

A

when two or more polypeptide chains bind together

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22
Q

Vmax is….

A

the maximum reaction rate of a enzyme, proportional to the enzyme concentration

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23
Q

Km is….

A

the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is equal to 1/2 Vmax. indicates how highly concentrated the substrate must be to speed up the reaction.

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24
Q

Competative inhibitors…

A

compete with the substrate by binding to the active site, increase substrate (km) but not Vmax.

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25
uncompetative inhibitors ...
bind at a site other than the active site once the enzyme-substrate complex is formed. Vmax is lowered and Km is unaffected because adding more substrate doesn't over come the inhibitor.
26
mixed inhibitions...
can bind to either the enzyme alone or the enzyme-substrate complex. if they act like competitive , and bond to the enzyme Km increases, If the act like noncompetitive , and bind to the enzyme substrate complex Km lowers.
27
The cell can create Different products and different amounts of those products from the same single genetic code in response to the cellular environment .
importance of being able to alter the expression of the genes in a genome is illustrated by considering how many different types of cells there are in a human body, each cell has the same genome but some become bone while others become muscle, liver, etc.
28
Epigenetics
Changes that are made around the genome that do not alter the actual nucleotide sequence. The purpose of epigenetic control is to provide a system of regulation that allows gene expression to adapt to the needs of the organism.
29
DNA Methylation
causese DNA to be wound more tightly to the histone, these sections are inaccesible to cellular machinery and cant be transcribed so expression is reduced.
30
Go Phase
Cells are busy serving their various functions within the body and producing proteins for this purpose
31
Types of RNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) , transfer RNA (tRNA), small nuclear RNA (snRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA).
32
Initiation
A group of DNA binding proteins called transcriptions factors identifies a promoter on the DNA strand
33
Promoter
a sequence of DNA nucleotides that designates a beginning point for transcription.
34
Elongation
RNA polymerase transcribes only one strand of the DNA nucleotide sequence into a complementary RNA nucleotide sequence. RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand in the 3' to 5' , building the new RNA strand in 5' to 3' .
35
lac operon
codes for enzymes that allow E. coli to import and metabolize lactose when glucose is not present in sufficient amounts.
36
Alternative splicing
allows the cell to incorporate different coding sequences into the mature mRNA
37
degenrative
The genetic is said to be this because more than one series of nucleotides may code for the same amino acid.
38
STOP codons
UAA, UGA, UAG
39
Initiation Codon
AUG
40
Ribosimal sedimentary coefficent
Prokaryote: 70S Eukaryote: 80S
41
Ribosomes are made in the nucleolus
the product of translation is a chain of Amino Acids
42
Mitosis: Prophase
condensation of chromatin into chromosomes, the two identical copies of chromosomes are joined together near their centers by centromeres, Nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear, the spindle apparatus begins to form .
43
Mitosis: Metaphase
orderly lining up of the chromosomes ensures that they will be separated such that each daughter cell receives one of each chromosome.
44
Mitosis: Anaphase
sister chromatin split at their attaching centromeres and segregate to opposite sides of the cell
45
Mitosis: Telophase
the nuclear membrane reforms followed by the formation of the nucleolus , cytokineses continues resulting in two identical daughter cells .
46
Mutations can be___________ occurring due to random errors in the natural process, or ________ occurring due to physical or chemical agents called mutagens
spontaneous, induced
47
point mutation
changes a single nucleotide in a double strand of DNA
48
silent mutation
neutral mutation in which the amino acid sequence is unchanged .
49
missense mutation
a base substitution changes a codon, which results in the translation of a different amino acid.
50
nonsense mutation
when a change to the nucleotide sequence creates a stop codon when none previously existed
51
translocation
when a segment of DNA from one chromosome is exchanged for a segment of DNA on another chromsome
52
Meiosis: Prophase I
exchange sequences of DNA nucleotides in a process called crossing over, this is critically important for providing genetic variation in the genetic makeup of the gametes, and consequently, the offspring
53
when genes on the same chromosome are located close together, they are more likely to cross over together and be linked is called
gene linkage
54
Meiosis: Metaphase I
the two homologues remain attached, and move to the metaphase phase.
55
Meiosis: Anaphase I
the homologous chromosomes each separate from their partner, independently assorting to create two haploid cells.
56
Meiosis: Telophase I
the nuclear membrane does reform and cytokineses does occur. the new cells are haploid with 23 replicated chromosomes and are called secondary spermatocytes and secondary oocytes.
57
Nondisjunction
when the centromere of any chromosome doesnt split during Anaphase I or II. causing one of the cells to have extra chromosomes . This can be severe because the genetic information is passed to every cell in the body.
58
the normal or most common allele type for a certain trait within a population
WILD TYPE
59
complete dominance
dominant allele masks expression of the recessive allelle
60
Law of Segregation
alleles segregate independently of each other when forming gametes during meiosis
61
incomplete dominance
heterozygous indivisual exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between its homozygous counterparts
62
Co-dominant
heterozygote exhibits both phenotypes
63
Law of Independent Assortment
genes that code for different traits when located on different chromosomes, don't affect each other during gamete formation.
64
Phenotypic Ratio of a dihybridCross
9:3:3:1

MCAT Biology. (1 decks)

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