Lecture One Objectives

Question 1

What tests are in a Lytes panel?

Answer 1

Na+, K+, Cl-, CO2

Question 2

What tests are in a BMP?

Answer 2

Lytes, Glucose, Ca2+, BUN, Creatinine

Question 3

What tests are in a CMP?

Answer 3

BMP, HFP

Question 4

What tests are in a HFP?

Answer 4

Total protein, Albumin, ALP, ALT, AST, Total Bilirubin, Direct Bilirubin

Question 5

What tests are in a Lipid panel?

Answer 5

Total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, Triglycerides

Question 6

What are the fluid types used in clinical chemistry?

Answer 6

Blood, Urine, CSF, Synovial Fluid, Serous Fluid, Amniotic Fluid

Question 7

What three fluids can come from blood?

Answer 7

Whole blood, plasma, serum

Question 7

What three fluids can come from serous fluids?

Answer 7

Pericardial, pleural, peritoneal

Question 8

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Answer 8

Plasma has anti-coagulants which leaves the blood with clotting factors
Serum has no anti-coagulants which leaves blood with no clotting factors

Question 9

What is the order of draw?

Answer 9

Waste, light blue, sst, pst, lav, gray

Question 10

Why is the order of draw essential?

Answer 10

Because the anti-coagulants in the previous tubes could contaminate the blood in the tube and effect the patient results

Question 11

What are the additives in a green tube?

Answer 11

Lithium, sodium, gel

Question 12

What are the additives in a gray tube?

Answer 12

sodium fluoride (inhibits glucose), potassium oxalate (anti-coagulant)

Question 13

What are the additives in a lav tube?

Answer 13

EDTA, K+

Question 14

What are the additives in a SST tube?

Answer 14

Clot activator, gel separator

Question 15

What are the additives in a red tube?

Answer 15

Clot activator

Question 16

What are the additives in a light blue tube?

Answer 16

Sodium citrate

Question 17

What are the serum tubes?

Answer 17

SST, red

Question 18

What are the plasma tubes?

Answer 18

Light blue, lav, gray, pst

Question 19

What would the outcome be for tube contamination?

Answer 19

If the tubes were not collected in the right draw order, the results can show that whatever additives contaminated the specimen because certain values will be wonky and these wonky results will most likely correspond with the additives in the collection tubes

Question 20

What is the best urine for anaylsis?

Answer 20

Timed or 24 hour because you could determine more precise information

Question 20

What are the different urine collection methods?

Answer 20

Random, first morning, 24 hour, timed

Question 21

What are the three factors that can affect chemistry analytes?

Answer 21

Physiologic factors, patient preparation (fasting), errors

Question 22

What are some physiologic factors?

Answer 22

Gender, age, environment, time of day, activity

Question 23

What are the 3 main categories of errors affecting chemistry analytes?

Answer 23

Pre-analytical, analytical, post-analytical

Question 24

What are some pre-analytical errors?

Answer 24

Labeling, processing, clotting time, wrong test ordered, wrong amount

Question 25

What are some analytical errors?

Answer 25

Machines, QC, technician

Question 26

What are some post analytical error?

Answer 26

Results reported incorrectly, results sent to the wrong place, results delayed or missing

Question 27

What is a reference interval?

Answer 27

This is the reference range, where the value "should" test at based on a healthy population of people

Question 28

How is a reference range established?

Answer 28

By a population of normal healthy people

Question 29

What is difference between a consensus reference interval and a statistical reference range?

Answer 29

A consensus reference interval is when test results can be correlated with medical decisions of medical professionals (ex: ADA (American Diabetes Association), AHA (American Heart Association) A statistical reference range is when a test does not have a clear association with a disease

Question 30

What is an analytical range (AMR)?

Answer 30

The machine range that has an upper range and a lower range that it has to measure within, standard curve and calibration

Question 31

How would a test report if the analyte concentration is less than the lower limit of linearity or higher then the upper limit of linearity?

Answer 31

If the test is less, you would report that it is lower than the limit of linearity If the test is higher, you should dilute and report after that (we should try to dilute as little as possible)

Question 32

What is the QC range?

Answer 32

The range for the analyzer, like a reference range

Question 33

What is the difference between a calibration and a control?

Answer 33

A calibration is the standard (standard curve, AMR) The control is what we use to make sure we are testing in the right range

Question 34

When is something considered "in control"?

Answer 34

When the QC tests are falling within the target range

Question 35

When is something considered "out of control"?

Answer 35

When the QC tests are not falling within the target range

Question 36

What is the process of establishing a QC range?

Answer 36

We would run something so many times and get within a standard deviation

Question 37

Why is it important take immediate action when a test is "out of control"?

Answer 37

Because the patients can be treated wrong when they get the wrong results