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Pathology > Lecture: Path of Inflammatory conditions (Farina) > Flashcards

Lecture: Path of Inflammatory conditions (Farina) Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurotropism of organisms

A
  • ability of organisms to breach the BBB and BCSFB determines their neurotropism
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2
Q

Inflammatory conditions

Examples

A
  • Names by location of imflammatory cells
  • Examples
    • Meningitis
    • Encephalitis
    • Myelitis
    • Meningoencephalitis
    • Meningomyelitis
    • Meningoencephalomyelitis
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3
Q

Bacterial infections

A
  • Most commonly secondary to septicemia in young animals
  • Septic emboli with endocarditis
  • Abscesses from hematogenous spread or direct invasion
    • usually through cribiform plate or from middle ear
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4
Q
A
  • Equine bacterial meningitis
  • Purulent material
  • Red angry brain
  • Pus around the spinal cord
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5
Q
A
  • Goat-brain abscess
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6
Q
A
  • Pig - purulent meningitis secondary to otitis media/interna
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7
Q

Listeriosis

Caused by/affects

CS

A
  • Circling disease
  • Caused by Listeria monocytogenes
    • Most commonly affects ruminants
    • Outbreaks usually associated with heavy feeding of silage
  • CS
    • Head tilt
    • circling
    • confusion
    • depression
    • head pressing
    • unilateral facial nerve paralysis
    • masticatory muscle paralysis
    • purulent endophthalmitis
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8
Q

Listeriosis

Common place for lesions

Pathogenesis

A
  • Lesions most common in brainstem
  • Pathogenesis
    • bacteria spread up the motor and sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve
    • usually no gross lesions
    • histologic lesions => microabscesses sometimes within foci of microgliosis
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9
Q
A
  • Listeriosis
  • Dark red areas are areas of inflammation
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10
Q
A

Listeriosis

  • Big clusters of degenerate neutraphils
  • Microabscesses
  • gram positive bacteria
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11
Q

Infectious thrombotic meningoencephalitis (ITME)

Caused by

Affects

Normally found…

A
  • Caused by Histophilus somni
  • Affects
    • young cattle in feedlots
    • sheep
  • Organism normally found in upper GI, upper repiratory and urogenital tract of healthy animals
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12
Q

Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME)

A
  • Septicemia
    • cerebral vasculitis with hemorrhage
    • necrosis
    • thrombosis
  • Gross lesions
    • multifocal hemorrhage and necrosis
  • Histologic lesions
    • vasculitis
    • thrombosis
    • infarction
    • neutrophilic meningoencephalitis
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13
Q
A
  • Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME)
    • random distribution
    • Red = hemorrhage
    • Blue = inflammation
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14
Q
A
  • Thrombotic meningoencephalitis (TME)
    • Can see vessel wall at times, then lose it
    • Also see a thrombus
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15
Q
A
  • Fibrinoid vascular necrosis
    • fibrin and cellular debris replacing normal tissue
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16
Q

Viral infections

A
  • Most viruses have a generally similar appearance
    • non-suppurative meningoencephalitis (+/- myelitis)
    • Perivascular cuffing
    • Gliosis: inc number glial cells, non specific
    • +/- viral inclusions
    • +/- neuronal degeneration/necrosis
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17
Q

Rabies

A
  • Can affect all mammals
  • Principal reservoirs in us
    • skunks
    • foxes
    • raccoons
    • bats
  • tropism for CNS and salivary gland
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18
Q

Rabies

Mechanism of infection

Lesions

A
  • Mechanism of infection
    • bite wound - virus replicates in muscle cells near inoculation site - spreads to sensory paravertebral ganglia - virus travels along peripheral nerves to CNS
  • Lesions
    • nonsuppurative encephalomyelitis
    • ganglioneuritis and parotid adenitis
    • degree of inflammation and neuronal degeneration variable
    • Negri bodies (Cytoplasmic inclusions) found most often in hippocampus in carnivores and purkinje cells in herbivores
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19
Q
A

Rabies

  • Perivascular cuffing above (inflammation around vessel)
  • Meningoencephalitis below
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20
Q
A

Rabies inclusions in purkinje cell of a dog with rabies

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21
Q

Pseudorabies

A
  • Porcine herpesvirus-1
  • Can affect all common domestic species
  • Spread between pigs
    • thought to be most commonly due to contact of virus-infected secretions with abraded skin or nasal mucosa
    • carnivores usually infected by consumption of infected pig meat
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22
Q

Pseudorabies

Mechanism of infection

CS in things other than pigs

CS in pigs

CS young pigs

CS Sows

A
  • Mechanism of infection
    • Local rxn at site of inoculation - spreads up related nerve to spinal cord - spread within CNS and out into other preipheral nerves
  • CS in other things
    • intense pruritis
    • high mortality rate
    • fever
    • neurologic signs
  • CS in pigs
    • mild fever
    • no pruritis
  • CS in young pigs
    • prostration
    • convulsions
    • muscle tremors/twitching
    • may have high mortality rate
  • CS in sows SMEDI
    • abortion
    • stillbirth
    • mummified fetuses
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23
Q
A

Pseudorabies

  • Perivascular cuffing
  • Nuclear inclusions (cell in middle)
    • red stuff in middle is inclusion and blue stuff at border of red stuff is chromatin
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24
Q

Arboviruses

Types

Species affected

A
  • EE, WEE, VEE, SLE
  • Eastern, Western, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis viruses
  • St. Louis encephalitis virus
  • Horses most commonly affected
  • Other species affected
    • birds
    • humans
    • cattle
    • pigs
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25
Arboviruses - EEE, WEE, SLE Transmission Lesions
* Transmission * **mosquito-borne** * Lesions * Lymphohistiocytic and neutrophilic polioencephalomyelitis * **Neutraphils** may also infiltrate the grey matter * unusual for a virus, typical or these viruses * **Gliosis**, neuronal degeneration/necrosis, vasculitis, meningitis, and thrombosis can also be seen
26
Arboviruses - WNV Most commonly affects Transmission Lesions
* Most commonly affects * horses * humans * birds * also squirrels, dogs, sheep and farmed alligators * Mosquito-borne * Lesions * nonsuppurative polioencephalomyelitis \*Hits grey matter more. Doesn't have the neutraphilic component that the others do
27
* EEE * Neutraphils out in the tissue * Fulminant, neurologic disease
28
* WNV (more boring than EEE) * Perivascular inflammation and gliosis (not inflammatory cells) * Bottom picture looks more typically viral than EEE
29
Lentivirus (Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAE) CNS signs CS , adults Lesions
* Nervous sytem signs seen in kids 2-4 months old * CS * hind limb ataxia * paresis * paralysis * often death * CS adults * arthritis * mastitis * pneumonia * Lesions * non-suppurative leukoencephalomyelitis * demyelination \*Lesions tend to be more in white matter
30
Lentiviruses Visna-maedi virus CNS CS Lesions
* Neuro signs usually occurs in sheep \> 2 yo * CS * hindlimb ataxia * trembling of lips * progressive hindlimb paralysis * death secondary to infectio or starvation * Also causes * pneumonia * mastitis * arthritis * Lesions * nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis affecting mostly **white matter** * demyelination
31
* CAE * area of inflammation at the periphery out in white matter * Perivascular cuffs * Below * large perivascular cuffs * Gliosis (nonsuppurative)
32
Canine distemper virus Morbillivirus Affects...
* Canids * Procyonids * mustelids * some large cats
33
* Classic gross lesion for canine distemper * hard pad disease (hyperkeratosis of foot pad) * May not be common lesion, don't rule out distemper if you don't this lesion
34
Most viruses cause
Nonsuppurative encephalitis
35
Canine distemper virus * perivascular cuffing and gliosis Below * Non-suppurative, mostly lymphocytes
36
Canine distemper * Intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions (**very rare**)
37
Equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy Caused by Spread Replication
* Caused by * Mainly EHV-1, also EHV-4 * Spread * inhalation of nasal aerosols * contact with infected fetus/placenta * direct contact * Replication * in endothelial cells * causes thrombo-occlusive, necrotizing vasculitis
38
Equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy Gross lesions Histo
* Gross lesions * none * random foci of hemorrhage in brain * severe cases may have small foci of hemorrhage/malacia * Histo * non-suppurative necrotizing vasculitis and thrombosis
39
Equine herpesviral myeloencephalopathy * lose definition of vessel wall (bottom left) * hemorrhage, vacuolization, edema, necrosis
40
Fungal infections Features
* Many species can affect CNS * usually in immunocompromised patients
41
only fungus with real predilection for CNS
Cryptococcus neoformans
42
Cryptococcus neoformans about
* Affects cats, dogs, and horses * Usually starts as a nasal or sinus infection and enters brain via direct extension through cribiform plate * May also spread to brain hematogenously from pulmonary infection
43
Cryptococcus neoformans Gorss lesions Histo
* Gross lesions * grey, gelatinous foci in brain and meninges * Histo * inflammatory response variable * none-to granulomatous * Thick non-staining **mucopolysaccharide** capsule looks like 'soap-bubble' in tissue sections
44
Cryptococcal encephalitis * random grey foci Below * Gelatinous lesions
45
Cryptococcal encephalitis Below * Clear bubbles: big thick non-staining mucoid capsule
46
Cryptococcal encephalitis - mucicarmine stain * illustrates yeast budding (differentiates from blastomycosis although blasto not really seen in brain)
47
Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis
* Sarcocystis neurona * Affects horses * Exact pathogenesis not completely understood * sporocytsts ingested - multiply in viscera - transported to CNS
48
Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis Gross lesions Histo
* Gross lesions * typically none * may see random foci of hemorrhage and necrosis * Histo * hemorrhage * necrosis * perivascular cuffs of lymphocytes * macrophages * neutrophils and eosinophils * astrocytosis
49
Eosinophils + Giant multi-nucleated cells = think about....
EPM
50
EPM Why are organisms not seen?
* Vets start treatment immediately and go for long-term
51
EPM * perivascular cuffs * some gliosis Below * crescent or round-shaped zoites
52
Toxoplasmosis
* Toxoplasma gondi * Affects many mammals * new world monkeys and Australian marsupials susceptible to infection * infection often seen with immunosuppressive conditions * Cats with FeLV-FILV * Dogs with distemper
53
Toxoplasmosis Gross lesions Histo
* Gross lesions * hemorrhage and necrosis * Histo * necrosis * hemorrhage * perivascular lymphohistiocytic cuffs * tachyzoites and cysts containing bradyzoites
54
Toxoplasmosis * Perivascular cuffs * holes in the brain * liquifactive necrosis Below * necrosis * perivascular inflammation * mononuclear (a lot of glial cells)
55
Toxoplasmosis * Little protozoal zoites
56
Spongiform diseases
* Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) * caused by prions (abnormal isoforms (PrPSc) of a normal cellular protein (PrPc) * Exact pathogenesis not understood * abnormal protein may serve as a scaffold
57
Spongiform diseases Transmission TSEs in animals
* transmission * appears to be primarily **horizontally** by consuming infected feed * TSEs in animals * Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) * Scrapie (ovine spongiform encephalopathy) * Chronic wasting dz (CWD, affects cervids) * Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) * Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME)
58
Spongiform diseases Lesions
* Lesions * intracytoplasmic neuronal vacuolation * astrocytosis
59
Scrapie * Vaculization
60
Neoplasia Meningioma Seen in Gross lesion
* Seen in * cats * dogs * horses * cattle * sheep * Gross lesion * located on meningeal surface of CSN * Well-demarcated, encapsulated expansile masses * grey-white to red-brown
61
Meningioma
62
Neoplasia Astrocytoma Reported in Gross lesion Common sites
* Reported in * **brachycephalic breeds** * cats * cattle * Gross lesion * poorly demarcated, firm, grey-white masses in white matter and grey matter * Well differentiated neoplasms may be difficult to differentiate from surrounding brain matter * Common sites * pyriform and temporal lobes
63
Astrocytoma * tends to look like normal brain tissue * Mass effect * Not symmetrical
64
Neoplasia Oligodendroglioma Reported in Gross lesion
* Reported in * dogs (esp **brachycephalic breeds**) * cats * cattle * Gross lesion * grey to pink-red * soft to gelatinous mass in white or grey matter of cerebrum and brainstem
65
Oligodendroglioma * gelatinous with hemorrhage
66
Metastatic hemangiosarcoma Cancer of endothelial cells
67
Metastatic melanoma

Pathology (6 decks)

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