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Large animal GI > Lecture: Ruminants > Flashcards

Lecture: Ruminants Flashcards

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1
Q

Ruminant PE

GI emphasis

A
  • External palpation of rumen fill, stratification
  • Rumen contractions per 2 minutes
  • Pinging
  • Rectal exam
  • Grunt test, Wither’s pinch test
  • Oral exam last
  • Rumination
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2
Q

Rumen analysis

A
  • pH
  • Wet mount under mineral oil
    • protozoa motility and population
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3
Q

Big ruminant GI issues

A
  • Forestomach diseases
  • Diarrhea
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4
Q

Indigestion

Simple

A
  1. Depression
  2. Dec appetite
  3. Dec rumen contractions
  4. Rumen distention
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5
Q

Indigestion

Severe

A
  1. Sudden, dramatic change in attitude
  2. Dec appetite
  3. Dec milk production
  4. Recumbency
  5. Dehydration
  6. Complete rumen stasis with gas cap
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6
Q

Indigestion

Lactic Acidosis

A
  1. Anorexia
  2. Dehydration
  3. Inc HR; Inc RR
  4. Recumbency
  5. Complete GI stasis
  6. Bloat
  7. Semi-coma/coma
  8. Blindness
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7
Q

Indigestion

DX

A
  • Rumen fluid analysis
  • Lactic acidosis
  • Dehydration
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8
Q

Indigestion

TX (simple/severe)

A
  • Ruminotoric: raises pH
  • Ca supplementation
  • Transfaunation
  • Thiamine (brain insurance)
    • imp for brain function
  • Good quality forage
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9
Q

Indigestion

TX: Lactic acidosis

A
  • IV fluids (to support CV system)
  • Rumenotomy: start over
  • Transfaunation
  • Calcium, magnesium
  • Thiamine, NSAID
  • Antibiotics
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10
Q

Indigestion

Prognosis

Sequelae

Prevention

A
  • Simple-severe: Good
  • Lactic acidosis: 30-90% mortality
  • Sequelae
    • rumen infections/necrosis
    • peritonitis
    • hepatic abscess: common cause ruminitis
    • vena cava thrombosis
  • Prevention
    • gradual intro cereal grains
    • good roughage
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11
Q

Bloat

about

A
  • can’t eruct
  • vagal n. damage
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12
Q

Free Gas bloat

CS

A
  • abdominal distention:
    • rumen can obstruct lower esophageal sphincter
  • Pings
  • Sudden death 1-5 hours
  • Necropsy: bloat line in esophagus
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13
Q

Free gas bloat

TX

A
  • Pass stomach tube
  • Trocharization
    • can cause secondary peritonitis
  • ID rumen fistula in calves
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14
Q

Frothy bloat

Cause

CS

A
  • Lush pasture feeding: legumes (clover, alfalfa)
  • CS like bloat but no PING
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15
Q

Frothy Bloat

TX

A
  • anti-foaming agents
    • poloxalene
    • vegetable oil (very little)
  • Oral fluids
  • Calcium
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16
Q

Traumatic Reticuloperitonitis

A
  • More common in late pregnancy, parturition
  • metals land in reticulum
    • local peritonitis: small perf
    • generalized peritonitis: large perf
    • Perf reticular wall and diaphragm
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17
Q

Acute TRP

CS

A
  • Sudden drop in milk production
  • anorexia, lethargy
  • dec fecal output
  • fever
  • inc HR, RR
  • Cranial abdominal pain
    • positive grunt/withers pinch test
    • abducted elbows, arched back
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18
Q

Localized TRP

CS

A
  • Often vage
  • when chronic
    • weight loss
    • poor lactation
    • rough hair coat
    • vagal indigestion
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19
Q

TRP

DX

A
  • Reticular rad
  • high white count
  • ab tap not useful usually
  • U/S
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20
Q

TRP

TX

Prevention

A
  • TX
    • Magnet
    • treat peritonitis or cull
  • Prevention
    • magnet
    • clean environment
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21
Q

Vagal indigestion

A
  • Disruption of forestomach emptying
    • failure of omasal transport
    • failure of abomasal emptying
  • Predisposing factors
    • Adhesions - TRP
    • Irritation of vagal nerve
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22
Q

Vagal Indigestions

CS

A
  • Papple
  • Reduced feed intake
  • dec milk prod
  • bradycardia
  • variable rumen sounds
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23
Q

vagal indigestion

DX

A
  • Lab data
    • normal: omasal transit failure
    • hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis: abomasal transit disruption
  • Rumen analysis
    • chloride, pH, protozoa
  • Ultrasound
  • Rads (hardware)
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24
Q

Vagal Indigestion

DDX

A
  • Indigestion
  • Bloat (Gas or frothy)
  • Proximal GI dz
    • omasal or abomasal impaction
    • SI obstruction

*exploratory laparotomy usually required to establish underlying cause

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25
Vagal Indigestion Prognosis
* Good if luminal obstruction found * Poor if associated with adhesions * Pregnant animals often improve after calving
26
LDA about
* abomasum migrates between rumen and left abdominal wall * partial pyloric obstruction * any ruminant, any age * most common in lactating dairy cattle in first 3 months after calving
27
LDA risk factors
* Diet * Hypocalcemia * inherited predisposition * concurrent illness
28
LDA CS
* Left sided ping * drop in milk production
29
LDA DX
* Left sided ping * lab data * aciduria * ketosis
30
LDA TX
* R. Paralumbar omentopexy
31
RDA
* Right sided ping * others same as LDA
32
Right-sided ping DDX
* RDA * Abomasal volvulus * Cecal dilatation/volvulus * Gas in other structures * this ping will diminish quickly
33
Abomasal Volvulus about
* May follow RDA * Pylorus ends up near reticulum
34
Abomasal Volvulus CS TX
* CS * like displacement, but sicker * lethargy, dehydration, inc HR, RR * TX * R. flank omentopexy * fluid resuscitation
35
Abomasal Volvulus Prognosis Sequelae
* Prognosis * \< 50% after 24 hrs * \< 5% after 48 hrs * Sequelae * atony, and failure of abomasal emptying * abomasal impaction * vagal indigestion
36
Abomasal Ulceration about
* Intensive rearing * calves (younger animals) * cows first 6 weeks after calving * Stress * Concurrent dz * NSAID therapy * Bleeding vs perforating * can't scope abomasums
37
Abomasal ulceration CS
* similar to TRP (cranial abdominal pain) * anorexia * fever * rumen stasis * focal abdominal pain * bruxism * Bleeding ulcers * dark tarry feces * Pale mucous membranes * rapid pulse * weakness * cool extremeties
38
Abomasal ulceration DX
* History, PE * Lab data * peritoneal tap * leukocytosis/leukopenia (peritonitis) * anemia, hypoproteinemia * Ultrasound
39
Abomasal ulceration TX Prognosis
* Antacids only in calves * Prognosis * poor if perfed * good if bleeding
40
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) about
* Major cause of early calf mortality * Hypersecretory * STa most important toxin in calves * heat-stabile toxin * rapid onset
41
ETEC CS
* 1st week of life * mild to severe diarrhea, dehydration
42
ETEC lab data
* metabolic acidosis * extreme bicarb loss * dec glucose
43
ETEC DX
* Age (\<1 wk old) * CS (diarrhea)
44
ETEC Prevention
* clean environment * colostrum transfer
45
Rotavirus
* youngest calves sickest * can be mixed infection with E. Coli * short incubation period
46
Rotavirus Pathophysiology
* Same as foals * SI only * Localized to villous tips * Enzyme deficiencies: lactase * Net secretion: osmotic diarrhea
47
Rotavirus CS
* Same as foal * Non-specific, watery diarrhea * worse in younger calves
48
Rotavirus DX
* Many commercial tests * usually treatment is same
49
Rotavirus Prevention
* same as foals * biosecurity * phenol based disinfectants
50
Coronavirus
* older calves (7-21d) * SI and colon involvement (whole GI tract) * 1-25% mortality (higher than rotavirus)
51
Coronavirus CS
* Diarrhea * dehydration * Mucus in feces b/c of colon involvement * signs can last \> 7d
52
Coronavirus DX
* Fecal tests * EM * ELISA * FA test of tissues * **adults and calves can shed virus**
53
Coronavirus prevention
* Bacterin * colostrum * clean environment
54
Salmonellosis
* *Dublin* cattle specific * infection fecal-oral * distal SI, cecum, colon * calves get bacteremic * synovitis * osteomyelitis * pneumonia * meningitis
55
Salmonellosis CS
* Infection usualy at \> 14 days * as early as 4 days * fever * diarrhea: often bloody
56
Salmonellosis lab data
* Dec WBC, left shift and toxic * dehydration * metabolic acidosis * dec sodium, chloride
57
Salmonellosis DX
* Necropsy * **fibrinonecrotic or diphtheritic membranes in distal SI, cecum, and/or colon** * Blood culture * Fecal culture: 5 negs is a neg
58
Salmonellosis Prevention
* Environmental hygiene
59
Cryptosporidium parvum about
* Coccidian parasite * age 5-15 days * high morbidity * low mortality * NOT HOST SPECIFIC * Fecal-oral * Villous atrophy, fusion, crypt inflammation
60
Cryptosporidium parvum CS DX TX/Prevention
* CS * Mild, non-specific * dehydration * resolves in 7 days * DX * acid fast * TX * none * Prevention * wash hands * be clean
61
Coccidiosis about
* Eimeria bovis; Eimeria zuernii * 2-4 months
62
Coccidiosis CS
* loose feces * dull haircoat * ill thrift
63
Coccidiosis DX TX Prevention
* DX * \> 5,000 eggs/gram significant * TX * amprolium or sulfamethazine * Prevention * Monensin * Lasalocid * Amprolium
64
Clostridium perfringens about
* Calves \< 14 days * Bloody diarrhea * Very sick calves * bacterin in replacement, less incidence in well managed farms
65
Clostridium perfringens DX
* Clinical signs * Minimal acidosis * Toxin ID
66
Clostridium perfringens TX
* antibiotics (penicillin) * Thiamine * Anti-toxin
67
Clostridium perfringens Prevention
* Type C and D toxoid prior to calving
68
Recumbent/weak calves
* Recumbent * 12-15% dehydrated * BD of 15-20 mEq/L * Weak * 8-12% dehydrated * BD of 10-15 mEq/L * IV fluid therapy * ideally improve w/in 6 hours * milk * only withdraw for 6-12 hours * don't mix with electrolytes (messes up with clot)
69
Ambulatory Calves
* 5-8% dehydrated * BD of 5-10 mEq/L * Oral fluid therapy * alkalinizing * energy (glucose) * 4-6 L daily

Large animal GI (5 decks)

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