Lecture Slides Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
What is laughter?
A
- Emerged 4 million years ago, BEFORE language
- Series of exhalations=heart rate decreases=cues parasympathetic nervous system
- 15 facial muscles contract
- larynx partially closed, air intake irregular
- tear ducts sometimes activated
- endorphin released
2
Q
What types of laughs were included in Bachorowski’s laughter dictionary?
A
cackle, hisses, pants, snorts, grunts, songlike laughs
3
Q
What was found from Bachorowski’s Laugh Study?
A
Different laughs elicit different reactions
- voiced laughs (involve vibration of vocal chords) much more likely to elicit positive emotions
- unvoiced laughs much more likely to elicit negative emotions, not seen as affiliative
4
Q
Why is Laughter good for us?
A
Builds friendship and other social bonds
- Promotes recovery from negative emotions
- reduces presence of stress hormones
- decreases muscle tension
- increases positive immune markers
- undoes negative emotions
5
Q
What did Frederickson and Levenson (1998) find from making people watch a fear eliciting film and then a laughter eliciting film?
A
People who laughed more in second film had a faster return to baseline physiological levels.
6
Q
Is crying healthy?
A
Surveys reviled 60-70% report crying was cathartic
7
Q
How did people feel after watching sad films that made them cry?
A
people report feeling worse and show more physiological arousal with sad films
8
Q
overall conclusions about crying
A
varied: context-dependent
9
Q
What is the function of touch?
A
activates neural regions (OFC) associated with reward (self-reported pleasantness)
10
Q
What evidence shows that touch is soothing?
A
- 15-min swedish massage associated with decrease in cortisol and increase in oxytocin (blood drawn)
- 16 married women awaiting electric shock in fMRI: having someone hold your hand decreased activity in amygdala and especially true if husband. (activation in amygdala associated with stress and negative emotional responses.)
- Infants painful procedure - heel lance for sampling blood: infants who were touched cried less, grimanced less, and had lower heart rate during procedure: touch leads to better pain tolerance even in young infants
11
Q
Who would be more likely to sign a petition supporting local issue, someone who is touched, or someone who is not touched?
A
81% signed who were touched
12
Q
Who is more likely to take medicine as instructed by medical practitioner, people who are touched, or people who are untouched?
A
people who are touched
13
Q
How does an 1-year-old respond to an object he or she doesn’t understand when positive touch involved? negative touch involved?
A
more likely to approach object
more likely to pull away
14
Q
What specific emotions are reliably communicated through touch?
A
fear, anger, disgust, love, gratitude, sympathy
15
Q
what specific emotions are not reliably communicated through touch?
A
pride, envy, embarrassment
16
Q
What is psychophysiology?
A
Study of psychological phenomena as revealed through physiology, physhological activity underlying psychological events, much broader than focus on brain, often focuses on Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
17
Q
Why is psychophysiology important?
A
- Tells us something different than self reports (what people are unwilling or unable to say).
- Gets around social desirability.
- Provides information outside of conscious awareness.
- Helps illuminate the connection between emotions and physical health.
- Provides more clues or insights about emotions.
18
Q
What are the limitations of Psychophysiology?
A
Methods can be difficult and expensive
Lack of clarity about what to infer: if heart rate elevated, does that mean anger? excitement? Fear?
19
Q
What physiological activity is measured in the body?
A
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
20
Q
Sympathetic Nervous System facilitates…
A
energy expenditure
21
Q
Parasympathetic Nervous System facilitates…
A
energy storage
22
Q
How do we access reactivity in SNS and PNS?
A
change from baseline. Can happen inside and outside of lab.
23
Q
Electrocardiogram measures __________ by using ______________.
A
heart rate; electrodes on skin
24
Q
Skin conductance measures _______ by applying current and measuring conductance, more sweat increases conductance. Pure measure of ________ activity but not __________.
A
sweat; sympathetic nervous system (energy expenditure); specific. e.g., Lie detector test
25
Respiration measures ______ by __________. amount of respiration measured by how much belt moves.
breathing frequency (tidal volume); respiration belt placed on chest
26
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) measures how much _______ fluctuates or remains constant, also how much ____ influenced by ______ by using a variety of tools. The goal is to _________measure activity in Parasympathetic nervous system (energy storage).
Heart Rate; Heart Rate; PNS(energy storage); non-invasive
27
What is Neuroscience?
study of the biological basis of mental processes and behavior: affective neurosciences & Behavioral neurosciences.
Involves understanding of brain and entire nervous system: everything psychological is also biological.
28
What are the neural underpinnings of emotion?
"If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn't." -Emerson Pugh
29
A current imaging technique that tracks blood/oxygen and measures function.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
30
What are the main parts of the Limbic System?
Amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus.
| Supports many functions including emotion & behavior
31
Amygdala influences _____ and _______.
aggression; Fear
32
What happens when you electrically stimulate part of a normal cats amygdala? stimulating another part of the amygdala?
has an aggressive reaction; extreme fear.
33
Hypothalamus influences _______ and _________.
emotional & motivational; Including: eating, drinking, body temperature, aggression, sexual behavior
34
What are the 4 F's of the Hypothalamus reward center?
Fighting, Feeding, Fleeing, and Fornicating
35
The limitations of the limbic systmem include:
Some structures not involved in emotion AND other structures not specific to emotion
36
Who is a pioneer in affective neuroscience?
Richard Davidson
37
What is neuroplasticity?
our brain is constantly changing. Our experiences have an impact on our brain. they impact the organization of our brain and neuro connections that we no longer use.
38
How does meditation and physical and emotional health?
inflammation; happiness, compassion; depressive symptoms, anxiety. allows the brain to relax which may not happen during sleep.
39
What is Emotion Regulation?
"The processes by which individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express their emotions."
can either increase or decrease positive or negative emotions.
40
What are some ways that we regulate our emotions?
running, meditation, eating, drinking, hot shower
41
Why do we regulate emotions?
Prefer feeling good to feeling bad.
Foster social harmony.
Display rules: politely accept gift you don't like
EX: Inhibition, Enhancement, Up-regulate, Down-regulate
42
Process Model of Emotion Regulation
Model of how we regulate emotion.
Based on timeline- course of emotion unfolding over time.
Suggests three points in time course when people may regulate emotion and different strategies to do so.
43
What are the 5 emotion regulation strategies?
```
Selection of the situation
Modification of the situation.
Deployment of attention
Cognitive Reappraisal
Modulation of responses
```
44
Situation Selection (contextual event)
Choose environments to influence emotion
e.g., approaching or avoiding certain people, places, or objects, seeing movie to vent feelings, seeking out a friend to have a good cry
45
Situation Modification (contextual event)
Modify situation to alter its emotional impact
| e.g., cant make meeting: reschedule meeting, train beloved pet
46
What are the Antecedent-focused strategies?
situation selection and modification
| both relate to event/stimulus/situation itself
47
Attentional Deployment (transition between contextual event and emotion)
Control focus of attention on event to reduce or enhance emotion
e.g., Distraction: focus attention on non-emotional aspects of situation or form the situation altogether
48
Cognitive Reappraisal (transition between contextual event and emotion)
reappraisal of event "rose glasses"
Change the way you think about situation to alter its emotional impact
e.g., reframe event, downward social comparison
49
Assessment of event strategies:
attentional deployment & cognitive reappraisal
50
Response Modulation (Observable response)
occurs once emotion is full blown. effort to shift or modulate it.
e.g., suppression: hide or inhibit emotion expressions
51
What are the response focused strategies?
Most common: suppression (generally thought of as maladaptive) associated with increased physiological arousal
Shifting or modifying emotional expression
52
Cognitive reappraisal: Evidence
Constructing an emotion-eliciting situation in a way that alters its emotional impact.
In lab studies, associated with reductions in negative affect and physiological arousal
Fundamental part of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
-long-term: people who self-report regularly using cognitive reappraisal report: better social relationships, more positive emotion, and cope better with stress
53
Psychological acceptance
benefits of acceptance, mindfulness, and emotional disclosure (not rumination)
54
What was the purpose for the writing experiment -North
to increase emotional well-being in the context of processing a major life problem
55
What was the theoretical background used in the writing experiment?
emotional disclosure, positive reappraisal (contradiction)
56
What does accepting negative emotions mean?
"embrace the suck"
permission to express negative emotion
Novel emotion regulation strategy: acceptance of negative emotions and positive reappraisal- similar conceptually to acceptance and commitment therapy and dialectical behavior therapy.
57
What was the Procedure of the writing experiment?
per-intervention measures
random assignment to three conditions: emotional disclosure, positive reappraisal, and acceptance + positive reappraisal
Post-intervention measures
58
(Writing experiment) What was the key part of the emotional disclosure condition?
Really get into it and freely express any and all emotions or thoughts that you have about the experience
59
(writing experiment) What was the key part of the positive reappraisal condition?
Focus on the positive aspects of this problem and positive things that could come from this problem. really get into it and try to imagine all of the positive things that could come from this problem.
60
(Writing experiment) what was the key part of the acceptance + positive reappraisal condition?
Day 1 & 2 focus on the negative feelings
| Day 3 & 4 focus on positive aspects and things that could come from this problem
61
Conclusion and findings from writing experiment:
approaching life problems by accepting negative emotions and then seeking out positives fosters emotional well-being.
Across studies: combination of accepting the negative and nudging towards the positive may foster psychological change.
62
Social Dimension of Emotions
most intense emotions we have are rarely just about us. They are often connected to others.
63
Emotion and Pro social Behavior:
| positive emotion increases helping behavior
Positive mood induction: success on a small task, finding a dime, receiving a free sample, receiving praise, remembering positive events, receiving cookie, soothing music, pleasant pictures, good weather
Helping Behavior: mail a lost letter, donate for charity, make a phone call for a stranger, pick up dropped items, give positive advice
64
Why would positive mood increase helping behavior?
1. Focus of attention: focus on own good fortune promotes good will towards others
2. social outlook: cheered by interpersonal event; triggers pro social values
3. Mood maintenance: keep the good feelings coming
65
Emotions as dyads
1. Emotion as information: emotional expressions help others know emotions, beliefs, intentions
2. emotion as reinforcement: emotion serves as incentive/deterrent for others' behavior.
3. Emotional Reciprocity: emotions evoke reciprocal reactions in others
66
(dyad) Emotion as information:
Facial expressions of emotion are used to interpret how another is feeling and thinking.
Children learning emotional reactions from parents
Consider the scenario of the absence of speech
67
(dyad) Emotion as Reinforcers:
Emotional expression affects how others respond to you.
-kids repeat actions that make parents smile. rewarding to see positive emotion on someone's face
-conversely, seeing negative emotion is punishing
Negative emotions also can be expressed in a way that is destructive...conflict in romantic relationships
68
Conflict in Romantic Relationships:
studies on dyadic interventions in married couple (gottman & levenson)
Q: what predicts successful marriage vs. divorce?
Results: predicted divorce 13-15 years later with almost 95% accuracy
69
(Conflict in Romantic relationships) - Gottman: 4 Horseman of the apocalypse:
1. Criticizing
2. Defensiveness
3. Stonewalling
4. Contempt
70
(dyad) Emotional reciprocity:
emotion evokes reciprocal emotion in others
1. these tend to evoke sympathy in others: embarrassment, guilt/remorse, distress
2. anger tends to evoke fear
71
Emotion and Groups: Same scenario can elicit __________ emotions depending on our understanding of relationship between group members.
```
different
e.g., disgusted based on relationship
-subjects watch a video of two people feeding each other french fries
-half are told they are dating
-half are told they are co-workers
Disgust: co-workers>Romantic
same activity, different relationship
```
72
Emotion and Group Status:
high vs. low
status may afford emotional privileges
high status: more freedom in emotions.
low status: less so (can't express anger)
73
Emotional reactions to moral infractions: judgment of self and others
difference for all emotions for self and other
individuals predict they would feel more negative emotion
and that others would experience more positive emotion
74
an individual is asked if he/she or his/her friend would be more happy for getting an A on a test. Who would she say?
Her/his friend
75
An individual is asked if he/she or his/her friend would be more upset for failing a class. who would she/he pick?
his/her self
76
What is Emotional Development?
It involves learning to: identify emotions in self, regulate emotions, identify emotions in others, respond with empathy
77
Development during preschool years: what is happening at this time?
2-5 year olds
Theory of mind
self regulation
78
Theory of mind emerges in ________ years and it is a child's ability to think about what ______ are thinking.
preschool; others
| instrumental in emotional development
79
Self-regulation in _______ increases.
preschoolers
80
What are the pathways of emotion socialization?
1. The parents own emotional expression & 2. the parents reaction to the child's emotional expression
81
1. How does the parents own emotional expression affect child's?
Language: more emotion words in family = more child emotion knowledge
Modeling:
positive emotions: more in parent = more in child.
Anger: increases negative emotion experience, increases child's aggressive behavior, diminishes empathy, less effective coping strategies
82
(Parents reaction to childs emotion) What is meta-emotion philosophy:
attitudes related to what emotions are, how useful they can be and how to appropriately experience and express them.
- Dictates parents reactions to children's emotions
- Has major impact on what child learns about emotions and emotional expression
83
Common tactics for parents in response to child's negative emotion:
- redicrecting (distraction)
- P-C discussion: problem focused vs. emotion focused
- ignoring
- punishment
84
What are ways for parents to promote positive emotion in children?
be warm, responsive, engaged.
| offer interesting and engaging stimulation
85
What are the gender differences between emotion language that parents use with sons and daughters?
Mention of feeling states: daughters>sons
Discuss anger and disgust more with sons.
discuss sadness more with daughters
86
How do moms and dads react differently to emotion in children?
dads tend to be more punitive and less supportive.
| children report expecting this difference in their parents responses to their emotions.
87
What do preschoolers think about emotion?
happiness, sadness and fear = females
| anger = males
