Lecture2 Flashcards

Question

Add slides

Answer 1

motor pathway. Nerve fibers that connect the brain and spinal cord to the body’s muscles through the somatic nervous system. Sensory and motor pathways also influence the muscles of your internal organs—the beating of your heart, contractions of your stomach, raising and lowering of your diaphragm to inflate and deflate your lungs. The pathways that control these organs are a subdivision of the PNS called the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Figure 1.2 diagrams these major divisions of the human nervous system. autonomic nervous system (ANS). Division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the functioning of the body’s internal organs and glands. (Kolb 4) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 2

Differences in gene expression related to environment and experience. (Kolb 8) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 3

Differences in gene expression related to environment and experience. (Kolb 8) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 4

The first general theory to propose that different parts of the brain have different functions was developed in the early 1800s by German anatomist Franz Josef Gall (1758–1828) and his partner Johann Casper Spurzheim (1776–1832) (Critchley, 1965). Gall and Spurzheim proposed that the cortex and its gyri were functioning parts of the brain and not just coverings for the pineal body. They supported their position by showing through dissection that the brain’s most distinctive motor pathway, the corticospinal (cortex to spinal cord) tract, leads from the cortex of each hemisphere to the spinal cord on the opposite side of the body. Thus, they suggested, the cortex sends instructions to the spinal cord to command muscles to move. They also recognized that the two symmetrical hemispheres of the brain are connected by the corpus callosum and can thus interact. Gall’s ideas about behavior began with an observation made in his youth. Reportedly, he observed that students with good memories had large, protruding eyes and surmised that a well-developed memory area of the cortex located behind the eyes would cause them to protrude. Thus, he developed his hypothesis, called localization of function, that a different, specific brain area controls each kind of behavior. (Kolb 8-9) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 5

phrenology. Long-discredited study of the relation between mental faculties and the skull’s surface features. (Kolb 9) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file. Gall and Spurzheim furthered this idea by collecting instances of individual differences that they related to other prominent features of the head and skull. They proposed that a bump on the skull indicated a well-developed underlying cortical gyrus and therefore a greater capacity for a particular behavior; a depression in the same area indicated an underdeveloped gyrus and a concomitantly reduced faculty. Thus, just as a person with a good memory had protruding eyes, a person with a high degree of musical ability, artistic talent, sense of color, combativeness, or mathematical skill would have large bumps in other areas of the skull. Figure 1.4 shows where Gall and Spurzheim located the trait of amativeness (sexiness). A person with a bump there would be predicted to have a strong sex drive, whereas a person low in this trait would have a depression in the same region. (Kolb 9) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 6

in which a device was placed around the skull to measure its bumps and depressions. These measures were then correlated with the phrenological map to determine the person’s likely behavioral traits. The faculties described in phrenology—characteristics such as faith, self-love, and veneration—are impossible to define and to quantify objectively. Phrenologists also failed to recognize that the superficial features on the skull reveal little about the underlying brain. Gall’s notion of localization of function, although inaccurate scientifically, laid the conceptual foundation for modern views of functional localization, beginning with the localization of language. (Kolb 9) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 7

Process by which functions become located primarily on one side of the brain. (Kolb 10) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file. Lateralization of Function A now legendary chain of observations and speculations led to confirmation that language is both localized in the brain and lateralized, that is, located on one side of the brain. This discovery led to the principle of lateralization of function, that one cerebral hemisphere can perform a function not shared by the other (Benton, 1964). We begin on February 21, 1825, as French physician Jean Baptiste Bouillaud (1796–1881) read a paper before the Royal Academy of Medicine in France. Bouillaud argued from clinical studies that certain functions are localized in the cortex and, specifically, that speech is localized in the frontal lobes, in accordance with Gall’s theory. (Kolb 10) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 8

As a result of his studies, Broca located speech in the third convolution (gyrus) of the frontal lobe on the left side of the brain (Figure 1.6A). By demonstrating that speech is located only in one hemisphere, Broca discovered the brain property of functional lateralization (Kolb 11) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file. (A) Broca’s area is located in the posterior third of the inferior, or third, convolution (gyrus) of the frontal lobe in the left hemisphere. (B) Photograph of the left hemisphere of the brain of Leborgne (“Tan”), Broca’s first aphasic patient. (Part B, Paul Broca’s historic cases: High resolution MR imaging of the brains of Leborgne and Lelong, from n. F. Dronkers, O. Plaisant, M. T. Iba-Zizen, and E. A.Cabanis, Brain, Oxford university Press, May 1, 2007.) Broca’s area. Anterior speech area in the left hemisphere (frontal operculum) that functions with the motor cortex to produce movements needed for speaking. Damage to this area results in Broca’s aphasia.

Answer 9

dominant hemisphere to recognize its special role in language (Joynt, 1964). In recognition of Broca’s contribution, the anterior speech region of the brain is called Broca’s area, and the syndrome that results from its damage is called Broca’s aphasia (from the Greek a, for “not,” and phasia, for “speech”). (Kolb 11) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 10

Inability to speak fluently despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mechanisms; results from a lesion to Broca’s area. Also called expressive, or nonfluent, aphasia. (Kolb 11) Broca’s aphasia is frequently associated with paralysis of the right arm and leg, as described for Tan.) They could speak fluently, but what they said was confused and made little sense. (Broca’s patients could not articulate, but they seemed to understand the meaning of words.) (Kolb 11) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file. Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 11

German anatomist Carl Wernicke (1848–1904) created the first model of how the brain produces language in 1874. Wernicke was aware that the part of the cortex into which the sensory pathway from the ear projects—the auditory cortex—is located in the temporal lobe behind Broca’s area. He therefore suspected a relation between hearing and speech functioning, and he described cases in which aphasic patients had lesions in this auditory area of the temporal lobe. (Kolb 11) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 12

Speech disorder in which a person articulates words in a languagelike fashion, but what is said actually makes little sense; usually results from damage to the left posterior cortex. See also Wernicke’s aphasia. Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 13

Inability to comprehend or to produce meaningful speech even though the production of words remains intact. Also called sensory aphasia. See also fluent aphasia. ) Although Wernicke’s patients could hear, they could neither understand nor repeat what was said to them. Wernicke’s syndrome is sometimes called temporal-lobe aphasia or fluent aphasia, to emphasize that the person can say words, but is more frequently called Wernicke’s aphasia. The associated region of the temporal lobe is called Wernicke’s area. (Kolb 11) According to Wernicke’s model, if the temporal lobe is damaged, speech movements are preserved in Broca’s area, but the speech makes no sense because the person cannot monitor words. Damage to Broca’s area produces a loss of speech movements without the loss of sound images, and therefore Broca’s aphasia is not accompanied by a loss of understanding. (Kolb 12) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file. Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 14

Secondary auditory cortex (part of the planum temporale, roughly equivalent to Brodmann’s area 22), that regulates language comprehension; also called posterior speech zone. (Kolb 11)

Answer 15

Wernicke’s model of language organization in the left hemisphere is illustrated in Figure 1.7 A. He proposed that auditory information travels to the temporal lobes from the auditory receptors in the ears. In Wernicke’s area, sounds are processed into auditory images or ideas of objects and stored. From Wernicke’s original model Wernicke’s area, auditory ideas flow through a pathway, the arcuate fasciculus (from the Latin arc, for “bow,” and fasciculus, for “band of tissue,” because the pathway arcs around the lateral fissure, as shown in Figure 1.7B). The pathway leads to Broca’s area, where representations of speech movements are stored, and may link brain regions related to intelligence (see Figure 16.17). To produce the appropriate sounds, neural instructions are sent from Broca’s area to muscles that control mouth movements. (Kolb 12) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 16

Type of fluent aphasia resulting from severing fiber connections between anterior and posterior speech zones; speech sounds and movements are retained, but speech is impaired because it cannot be conducted from one region to the other. (Kolb 12) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 17

ench neurologist Joseph Dejerine (1849–1917) described a case in which the loss of the ability to read (alexia, meaning “word blindness,” from the Greek lexia, for “word”) resulted from a disconnection between the brain’s visual area and Wernicke’s area. Similarly, Wernicke’s student Hugo Liepmann (1863–1925) showed that an inability to make sequences of movements (apraxia, from the Greek praxis, for “movement”) results from the disconnection of motor areas from sensory areas. alexia. Inability to read. apraxia Inability, in the absence of paralysis or other motor or sensory impairment, to make or copy voluntary movements, especially an inability to make proper use of an object. (Kolb 12) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 18

Principle of cerebral organization in which information is processed serially, with each level of processing assumed to represent the elaboration of some hypothetical process. (Kolb 13) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 19

Condition in which a person is alive but unable to communicate or to function independently at even the most basic level. (Kolb 14) Kolb, Bryan. Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology, 7th Edition. Worth Publishers, 20150207. VitalBook file.

Answer 20

Condition in which a person can display some rudimentary behaviors but is otherwise not conscious.

Answer 21

Consensual experiment directed toward developing a treatment. (Kolb 14)

Answer 22

Not entered

Answer 23

Also ventral* | Add slide

Answer 24

(Also dorsal) | Add pic

Lecture2 Flashcards

(48 cards)