Lecture5

Question 1

Ependymal Layer

Answer 1

type of epithelia, forms the lining of all the ventricles, no ependymal brain barrier (anything into CSF can have effect on brain)

Question 2

Marginal Layer

Answer 2

cell birth (neurons)

Question 3

Embryonic Day 27

Answer 3

neural tube closed, ependymal layer, marginal layer, mantle layer, division in gray and white matters

Question 4

Neural Crest

Answer 4

will develop into dorsal root ganglia (just making sure you didn’t forget this from earlier)

Question 5

Embryonic Day 60

Answer 5

neural tube pinched off and created diamond shape to segregate neurons into place (anterior/basal plate, posterior/alar plate)

Question 6

Basal Plate

Answer 6

anterior, motor neurons

Question 7

Alar Plate

Answer 7

posterior, sensory neurons

Question 8

Sulcus Limitans

Answer 8

groove that separates motor and sensory neurons

Question 9

General Somatic Efferent

Answer 9

fibers that go away from the nervous system, motor

Question 10

General Somatic Afferent

Answer 10

fibers that go to nervous system, sensory

Question 11

Embryonic Day 100

Answer 11

two additional functional components added, general VISCERAL efferent and afferent

Question 12

Four Functional Components of All Spinal Nerves

Answer 12

GSA, GVA, GVE, GSE

Question 13

When is nervous system in adult configuration?

Answer 13

end of first trimester

Question 14

End of Second Trimester Day 200

Answer 14

from dorsal root ganglion pseudounipolar cells have grown into dorsal horn and will synapse on GSA, GVE and GSE will grow out axons and join peripheral process with dorsal root and create spinal nerves, dorsal root ganglia from neural crest, all spinal nerves created

Question 15

Bror Rexed’s Lamina System

Answer 15

lamina 1-6 are sensory, lamina 7-10 are motor, further segregation according to location of muscles they innervate (midline = proximal = axial, lateral = distal = appendicular)

Question 16

According to Rexed’s Lamina System, motor columns closest to sensory regions innervate which muscles?

Answer 16

flexors

Question 17

According to Rexed’s Lamina System, motor columns closest to anterior of the gray matter innervate which muscles?

Answer 17

extensors

Question 18

Neuronal Clusters

Answer 18

clusters innervate a specific muscle, columns, if damaged the higher the lesion the less function will result, recruit small motor neurons first then larger

Question 19

White Matter Areas of the Spinal Cord

Answer 19

axons of neurons ascending or descending, different physiological types of fibers based on diameter of fiber and conduction velocity of fibers

Question 20

Type 1, 2, alpha-beta White Matter Fibers

Answer 20

large diameter and fast conducting fibers, all discriminative sensation (proprioception, 2-point differentiation), enter in from medial portion of dorsal side of spinal cord and synapse on GSA neurons

Question 21

Type C and Delta White Matter Fibers

Answer 21

small diameter, crude sensation, lateral division of the dorsal horn, synapse on more superficial laminas of the cord (surgeons will cut to alleviate pain)

Question 22

Fasciculus Gracilis and Fasciculus Cuneatus

Answer 22

somatotropic organization (more medial will be sacral, lateral is lumbar, etc.), dorsal columns get bigger at higher levels

Question 23

Three Layers of Meninges

Answer 23

dura, arachnoid, pia

Question 24

Dura Mater

Answer 24

outer layer of meninges, tough, made of fibroblasts and extremely strong tensile strength

Question 25

Arachnoid Mater

Answer 25

middle layer, more fragile, made of fibroblast and collagen meshwork

Question 26

Pia Mater

Answer 26

inner layer, only one cell layer thick, seen with magnification

Question 27

Denticulate Ligaments

Answer 27

lateral extensions of the pia mater in between individual segments linking pia to dura

Question 28

Where does the spinal cord end in adults?

Answer 28

L1/L2

Question 29

How many pairs of spinal nerves are present?

Answer 29

there are 31 pairs of spinal nerves (I couldn't just put 31 or excel was freaking out)

Question 30

Cervical Region of Spine

Answer 30

C1-C2 is neck, C3-C5 is diaphragm, C5-T1 is upper extremity (brachial plexus)

Question 31

Thoracic Region of Spine

Answer 31

upper half-thorax, lower half-abdominal

Question 32

Lumbar Region of Spine

Answer 32

lower extremities

Question 33

Sacral Region of Spine

Answer 33

bowel, bladder, and sexual function

Question 34

Rami Communicans

Answer 34

brings visceral afferent (GVA) and efferent (GVE) to and from the sympathetic chain of ganglia

Question 35

Four Choices when Entering the Sympathetic Chain

Answer 35

down-synapse right away and go to lower levels, back-synapse right away and via grey ramus communicans back to spinal nerve, up-higher levels before synapsing, viscera-splanchnic nerve to viscera

Question 36

What components are in dorsal primary rami?

Answer 36

ALL FOUR REMEMBER?? GSA, GVA, GSE, GVE. Geez if I have to type it one more time..

Question 37

Where are the expansions in the spinal cord?

Answer 37

upper thoracic and lumbar

Question 38

Cervical Region of Spinal Cord Expansion

Answer 38

lateral horn-distal muscles are located laterally

Question 39

Lumbar Region of Spinal Cord Expansion

Answer 39

lateral horn-distal muscles are located laterally

Question 40

Arteries of the Spinal Cord

Answer 40

one anterior spinal artery (median sulcal artery off it), two posterior spinal arteries (vasocoronal between anterior and posterior)

Question 41

Three Layers of Brain Stem Development

Answer 41

1st layer - motor fiber, 2nd layer - sensory fiber, 3rd layer - nuclear layer

Question 42

1st Layer - Motor Fiber Layer

Answer 42

voluntary motor cell layers, millions of axons, descending, at base of medulla fibers split and 90% cross midline and terminate on opposite side of which they originate

Question 43

2nd Layer - Sensory Fiber Layer

Answer 43

coming from dorsal columns and anterolateral columns, ascending, millions of axons, join together to travel to higher levels

Question 44

3rd Layer - Nuclear Layer

Answer 44

collection of cells that are creating cranial nerves, each cell represents a nuclear group for one cranial nerve

Question 45

Medullary Development

Answer 45

similar to spinal nerve development but roof plate does not fuse instead opens up to create fourth ventricle (still motor and sensory plates)

Question 46

Gill Arches (branchial nerves)

Answer 46

1st arch 5th nerve (trigeminal), 2nd arch 7th nerve (facial), 3rd arch 9th nerve (glossopharyngeal), 4th arch 10th nerve (vagus)

Question 47

Additional Components in Medulla

Answer 47

of course it still has GSA, GVA, GSE, and GVE but additionally Gil Arches, SVE, SVA, SSA

Question 48

SVE

Answer 48

special visceral efferent column, associated with certain cranial nerves that are derived from the branchial arches

Question 49

SVA

Answer 49

special visceral afferent column, associated with certain cranial nerves that are derived from the branchial arches

Question 50

SSA

Answer 50

special somatic afferent column

Question 51

Development of Metencephalon

Answer 51

pontine development (rhombic lip--\>cerebellum), midbrain development (same as pons plus substantia nigra and red nucleus)

Question 52

Substantia Nigra

Answer 52

in midbrain development, high melanin content, appear dark, these cells die in parkinson's disease

Question 53

Red Nucleus

Answer 53

posterior to substantia nigra, high in bilirubin, motor nucleus, non-volitional motor system, innervates shoulder and hip girdle (stability)

Question 54

Motor Cell Columns

Answer 54

GSE, GVE, SVE

Question 55

Sensory Cell Columns

Answer 55

GSA, GVA, SSA, SVA