Lectures 1-4 (Exam 1)

Question 1

Hypothesis

Answer 1

An answer to a question - testable

Question 2

Seven characteristics of life

Answer 2

1. Order (structure)
2. Reproduction (offspring)
3. Growth (size) and development (complexity)
4. Energy utilization (metabolism)
5. Responds to environment (irritability)
6. Homeostasis (normality)
7. Evolutionary adaptation (species change)

Question 3

Cells

Answer 3

Have membranes and DNA

Question 4

2 types of cell

Answer 4

Prokaryotic: small, lack membrane enclosed structures (bacteria, archaea)
Eukaryotic: big, have membrane enclosed structures (animal/plant cells, fungi, protists)

Question 5

Five themes to life

Answer 5

Order
Energy and matter
Information
Interactions
Evolution

Question 6

Three domains of life

Answer 6

1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
   Prokaryotic
3. Eukarya
   Eukaryotic

Question 7

How eukaryotic organisms get energy

Answer 7

Animals - eating (mouth and anus)
Plants (photosynthesis)
Fungi (absorption)
Protists (no distinct domain)

Question 8

How many essential elements in life?

Answer 8

25

Question 9

Primary elements (COHN)

Answer 9

4 - Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

Question 10

Trace elements

Answer 10

Minerals that make up rest of body - are essential but only needed in minute quantities

Question 11

Is water polar?

Answer 11

YES - it has one positive side (H) and one negative side (H)

Question 12

pH scale

Answer 12

Lower concentration, more acidic; higher concentration, less acidic. Log scale (ex. pH of 7 to pH of 11: 10,000 fold)

Question 13

Six groups most important to chemistry of life

Answer 13

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Sulfhydryl
Phosphate
Methyl (recognizable tag - CH3)

Question 14

ATP

Answer 14

Adenosine triphosphate (phosphate group). Primary energy - transferring molecule in the cell

Question 15

4 classes of macromolecules

Answer 15

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Question 16

Dehydration reaction

Answer 16

“Condensation” small molecules –> big molecules (water releases)

Question 17

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 17

Big molecules –> small molecules (water breaks bonds apart)

Question 18

Carbohydrates

Answer 18

sugars and polymers (CH2O)

Question 19

Monosaccharides

Answer 19

Simple sugar building blocks (simple - one monomer) - glucose, fructose

Question 20

Disaccharides

Answer 20

Two monosaccharides (simple - two monomers) - sucrose, lactose

Question 21

Polysaccharides

Answer 21

Many sugar building blocks - complex (>10 monomers)

Question 22

What kind of reaction bonds saccharides?

Answer 22

Dehydration

Question 23

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 23

Covalent bond between monosaccharides

Question 24

Starch

Answer 24

Made of glucose - how plants like to store excess sugars. Straight

Question 25

Glycogen

Answer 25

Made of glucose - how animal like to store excess sugars. Branched

Question 26

Cellulose

Answer 26

Made of glucose - structural polysaccharide (gives plants structure). Most abundant biomolecule

Question 27

Chitin

Answer 27

Exoskeleton of arthropods (cicada shells) - structural support for fungi

Question 28

Lipids

Answer 28

Hydrocarbons, good at storing energy

Question 29

Saturated fats

Answer 29

Saturated with hydrogen - no double bonds, maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Relatively straight, form solids, animal products

Question 30

Unsaturated fats

Answer 30

Not saturated with hydrogen - double bonds, limited number of hydrogen atoms. Relatively bent, liquid, plant products

Question 31

Trans fats

Answer 31

Created via hydrogenations )moves hydrogen atom around, making unsaturated fat bond straight)

Question 32

Purposes of fats

Answer 32

1. Energy storage 2. Protect vital organs 3. Helps keep us insulated

Question 33

Steroids

Answer 33

Four carbon fused rings - estrogen or testosterone (hormonal steroids). Cholesterol

Question 34

Proteins

Answer 34

Account for more than 50% of dry mass in most cells - made up of 20 essential amino acids

Question 35

Amino acids

Answer 35

Linked by peptide bonds

Question 36

Proteins _____ dictates its _____

Answer 36

Structure, function

Question 37

Protein structures

Answer 37

1. Primary: order of amino acids 2. Secondary: common folds (helix, beta sheet) 3. Tertiary: 3D shape of polypeptide 4. Quaternary: multiple polypeptide subunits

Question 38

Denatured

Answer 38

When proteins lose their shape - become inactive

Question 39

Prions

Answer 39

Infectious proteins

Question 40

DNA

Answer 40

Sugar: deoxyribose Bases: A, T, G, C Structure: double helix

Question 41

RNA

Answer 41

Sugar: ribose Bases: A, U, G, C Structure: single stranded

Question 42

A and G

Answer 42

Purines

Question 43

C, T, U

Answer 43

Pyrimidines

Question 44

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 44

Small, lack internal membrane enclosed organelles

Question 45

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 45

Big, have internal membrane enclosed structures

Question 46

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

Answer 46

Cytoplasm, DNA, membranes, ribosomes

Question 47

Cytoskeleton

Question 48

Chloroplast