Lectures 1-7 Flashcards
(45 cards)
Articulatory / Resonating System:
Velum:
- Velum
- Also called the soft palate
- Located in the pharynx
- Uvula: Termination of the velum
- Velopharyngeal closure
* Contact of the velum with the lateral and posterior pharyngeal walls * Velar elevation - Necessary to prevent air or food escaping through the nose
- Necessary to build up air pressure for production of pressure sounds
- Air that escapes through the nose during speech results in a nasal quality
Articulatory/ Resonating system
Composed of:
Vocal tract:
- Composed of
- Oral cavity
- Nasal cavity
- Pharyngeal cavity
- Vocal tract is a resonant acoustic tube
- Shapes sound energy produced by respiratory and laryngeal systems into speech sounds
The laryngeal system
Thyroid cartilage:
Thyroid prominence:
Vocal folds:
Glottis:
- Thyroid cartilage
- Largest laryngeal cartilage
- Forms the front and sides of the laryngeal skeleton and protects the
inner components of the larynx
- Thyroid prominence
- “Adam’s apple”; just below the thyroid notch
- Vocal folds
- Attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the
back to the arytenoid cartilages via the vocal ligament - Abduct during respiration and adduct during phonation
- Attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the
- Glottis
- The space between the vocal folds
The laryngeal system
Thyroid cartilage:
Thyroid prominence:
Vocal folds:
Glottis:
- Thyroid cartilage
- Largest laryngeal cartilage
- Forms the front and sides of the laryngeal skeleton and protects the
inner components of the larynx
- Thyroid prominence
- “Adam’s apple”; just below the thyroid notch
- Vocal folds
- Attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the
back to the arytenoid cartilages via the vocal ligament - Abduct during respiration and adduct during phonation
- Attached at the front near the midline of the thyroid cartilage and at the
- Glottis
- The space between the vocal folds
The laryngeal system:
Primary biological function of the larynx
Larynx:
-Primary biological function of the larynx
* Prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea and lungs
* Larynx can impound air for forceful expulsion of foreign objects threatening lower airways
* Structures of the Laryngeal System
- Larynx
* Air valve composed of cartilages, muscles, and other tissue
* Main sound generator for speech
* Sits on top of the trachea and opens into the pharynx
* Appears to be suspended from the hyoid bone, the point of attachment for laryngeal and tongue muscles
The respiratory system
Muscles of the respiratory system:
Muscles of the respiratory system:
Inspiratory muscles – generally above the diaphragm
Expiratory muscles – generally below the diaphragm
Muscles of Inspiration
Diaphragm
* Principle muscle of inspiration
* Dome-shaped structure composed of a thin, flat, nonelastic central tendon and broad rim of muscle fibers that radiate to the edges of the central tendon
* Contracts during inspiration, pulling down and forward, increasing
lung volume
* Numerous thoracic and neck muscles also contribute
The respiratory system
Primary Biological functions:
-Primary biological functions (in alveoli)
–> supply oxygen to the blood
–> remove excess carbon dioxide
-The generating source for speech production
Speech production is complex
Anatomy=
Physiology=
Three physiological subsystems involves in speech production:
Respiratory:
Laryngeal:
Articulatory/ resonatory:
Anatomy= study of structures of the body and relationship of the structures
Physiology= study of the functions of organisms and bodily structures
Three physiological subsystems involves in speech production:
Respiratory: Driving force for speech via positive air pressure beneath vocal folds
Laryngeal: vocal fold vibrate at high speeds
Articulatory/ resonatory: An acoustic filter that allows certain frequencies to pass while blocking others
Writing Goals
A
B
C
D
A: Actor – Who is expected to do the behavior?
B: Behavior – What is the observable and measurable behavior?
C: Condition – What is the context or condition of the behavior?
D: Degree – What is the targeted degree of success?
Intervention Plan:
Goal characteristics:
Goal Characteristics :
-functional
-measurable
-attainable
Process of assessment (in this order):
Screening:
Formal Assessment:
Defining the Problem:
Screening:
-whether a problem exists
Formal Assessment:
-occurs after someone recognizes the possibility of a problem
Defining the Problem:
-Assessment of communication disorders
—–Systematic process of obtaining information from various sources, through various means, and in different settings
—–Verify and specify strengths and weaknesses, identify possible causes of problems, and make plans to address them
-Diagnosis: Distinguishes an individual’s difficulties from a broad range of possible problems
Assessment (definition)
-the systematic process of gathering information about an individual’s background, history, skills, knowledge, perceptions, and feelings
Categorizing Disorders:
What area is impacted?
Etiology:
Congenital:
Acquired:
Dialects:
What area is impacted?
-reception
-processing
-expression
-or a combination
Etiology: cause/origin of a problem
Congenital: present at birth
Acquired: result of illness, accident, or environmental circumstances later in life
Dialects: differences that reflect regional, social, cultural, or ethnic identity
Speech processes
Articulation:
Fluency=
Rate:
Voice=
Pitch:
Habitual Pitch:
Intonation:
Articulation:
-the way speech sounds are formed
-prosody–> rate and rhythm, suprasegmentals–> stress, intonation
Fluency=
-smooth, forward flow of communication
Rate: the speed at which we talk
Voice=
Pitch: perception of how high or low a sound is
Habitual Pitch: basic tone an individual uses most of the time
Intonation:
-pitch movement within an utterance
-can reveal different meanings
Components of language: Use
Pragmatics:
Pragmatics:
-the purpose of language; varies with culture
Components of Language: Content
Semantics:
Semantics:
-the meaning of language
-semantic features–> pieces of meaning that together define a word
-each word has multiple meaning
-language form and use determine which definition is most appropriate in context
Components of language: Form
Phonology:
Morphology:
Syntax:
Phonology:
-sound system of language
-English consists of 43 sounds
-phonotactic rules specify how sounds can be arranged
Morphology:
-structure of words
-morphemes are the smallest grammatical units
-free morphemes can stand alone
-bound morphemes change the meanings of words
Syntax:
-how words are arranged in a sentence and how words affect each other
Language Definitions:
Language:
Generatives:
Dynamic:
Grammar:
Language:
-socially shared code
-rule governed
Generatives:
-you can create new utterances
Dynamic:
-languages change over time
Grammar:
-rules of language
Communication disorders:
Communication differences:
Communication disorders:
-significant difficulties in formulation, transmission, and/or comprehension
-compared to those with the same language, dialect and cultural background
Communication differences:
-when an individuals communication pattern differs substantially from those of the person or persons with whom he or she is communicating
Classification of Communication Disorders
When did the disorder occur?
How did the disorder occur?
When did the disorder occur?
-developmental (congenital)
-acquired (after birth)
How did the disorder occur?
-organic (structural)
-functional (no structural cause)
Disorders of feeding and swallowing
-pediatric feeding and swallowing problems
-adult dysphagia
-intervention for feeding and swallowing disorders
—> ranges from preterm infants with a weak sucking response to adult patients recovering from stroke
Speech Disorder
What is it?
Classified as:
-atypical production of speech sounds
-interruption in the flow of speaking
-abnormal production and/or absence of voice quality
—> pitch, loudness, resonance, duration
Classified as:
-articulation and phonological disorders
-fluency disorders
-voice disorders
-motor speech disorders
Language Disorder
Impairment in:
Affects who:
Disorder examples:
-Impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems
-affects children and adults
-receptive language disorder
-expressive language disorder
-reading disabilities –> dyslexia
Auditory System Disorder
Result of:
Examples:
-a result of impaired sensitivity of the auditory or hearing system
-sensorineural hearing loss
-conductive hearing loss
-auditory processing disorders –> deficits in processing information from audible signals
