Lectures 1-7: Midterms Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is the origin of the term ‘history’?
A
Derived from the ancient Greek ‘ἱστορία’ (historia); knowledge obtained from inquiry or investigation.
2
Q
What are the three elements that define history?
A
- Time
- Place
- People
3
Q
What is a historical source?
A
Any material that provides information about the past.
4
Q
How do historians evaluate historical sources?
A
Through a process called historical criticism, which includes external and internal criticism.
5
Q
What is the difference between primary and secondary historical sources?
A
- Primary: Directly connected to the event being studied
- Secondary: Borrow information from primary sources and provide interpretation
6
Q
What is historical criticism?
A
A method used by historians to ascertain the reliability and authenticity of historical sources.
7
Q
What are the two levels of historical criticism?
A
- External (surface) criticism
- Internal (higher) criticism
8
Q
What does external criticism identify?
A
The provenance, purpose, physical attributes, and originality of the source.
9
Q
What does internal criticism focus on?
A
Extracting information and understanding it in its original context, identifying bias or prejudice.
10
Q
What is a historical model?
A
Diagrams that illustrate the flow and development of historical events.
11
Q
What are the three main types of historical models?
A
- Linear
- Cyclical
- Spiral
12
Q
What is geographical determinism?
A
The belief that geography has a strong influence on people and their history.
13
Q
What are the main theories explaining the peopling of the Philippines?
A
- Waves of Migration Theory
- Core Population Theory
- Austronesian Migration Theory
14
Q
What does the Waves of Migration Theory propose?
A
Distinct waves of migrants (Negritos, Indones, and Malay) led to cultural and physical differences among Filipinos.
15
Q
What is the Core Population Theory?
A
Proposes a ‘core population’ developed independently in the Philippines before external influences.
16
Q
What does the Austronesian Migration Theory suggest?
A
All present-day native Austronesian speakers descended from a single ancestor called the proto-Austronesians.
17
Q
What is the significance of the term ‘barangay’?
A
A sociopolitical organization in precolonial Philippines, known as kampong in Mindanao.
18
Q
What were the main social classes in the barangay?
A
- Nobles (maginoo/kadatoan)
- Commoners (maharlika/timawa)
19
Q
What were the roles of the nobles in the barangay?
A
Wealthiest and most powerful, led by a datu (chieftain) and included the binukot (secluded maiden).
20
Q
What is the Great Men Theory?
A
The idea that history is largely a record of the biographies of great men.
21
Q
True or False: History is static and does not change over time.
A
False; history is never final and can be revised.
22
Q
Fill in the blank: The study of precolonial Philippines is difficult due to the lack of _______.
A
[written sources]
23
Q
What is the Annales School known for?
A
Introducing ‘nouvelle histoire’ and expanding history to include social and cultural aspects.
24
Q
What is the role of geography in historical scholarship?
A
Geography is crucial for understanding historical contexts and influences.
25
What is the primary method of the Annales School?
Borrowing methods and ideas from other social sciences.
26
What is the term for the wealthiest and most powerful social class in the barangay system?
Kadatoan
## Footnote
The kadatoan were led by the datu and had honorific titles such as ginoo and poon.
27
What are the titles given to princesses in the barangay system?
Binukot
## Footnote
The binukot refers to secluded maidens within the kadatoan class.
28
What is the term for commoners in Luzon and the Visayas?
Maharlika (Luzon) and Timawa (Visayas)
## Footnote
These commoners were debtless and paid taxes called buwis to the datu.
29
What was the role of the babaylan in the barangay?
Priestess
## Footnote
The babaylan performed rituals to appease deities and acted as mediators between the physical and spiritual realms.
30
What is the term for slaves in Luzon and the Visayas?
Alipin (Luzon) and Oripun (Visayas)
## Footnote
Slavery was not permanent and was guided by contracts.
31
True or False: The social stratification in the barangay allowed for social mobility.
True
## Footnote
This structure enabled individuals to move between social classes.
32
What was the primary belief system in the barangay concerning deities?
Polytheism
## Footnote
The people believed in powerful higher beings known as anito or diwata, often associated with nature.
33
Who were the benevolent deities in the barangay culture?
Anito or diwata
## Footnote
These deities were often anthropomorphic and connected to nature.
34
What is the common term for malevolent beings that could transform in the barangay?
Aswang
## Footnote
The aswang are shapeshifters that could cause harm and were associated with various forms of witchcraft.
35
What is the significance of the term 'arkan al-Islam'?
Five Pillars of Islam
## Footnote
These pillars include Shahada, Salat, Zakat, Saum, and Hajj, which are fundamental practices for Muslims.
36
What does the term 'Shahada' refer to in Islam?
Testimony
## Footnote
It involves reciting the two most important beliefs of the religion.
37
Fill in the blank: The pilgrimage to Mecca is known as _______.
Hajj
## Footnote
Hajj is required at least once in a Muslim's lifetime if they are able.
38
What was the first sultanate established?
Sultanate of Malacca
## Footnote
This sultanate was established after Islam was introduced to the region.
39
What is the significance of the term 'Hispanization' in the context of the Philippines?
The process of cultural change due to Spanish colonization
## Footnote
This occurred after the initial Islamization of the Philippines.
40
What economic theory dominated during the Age of Discovery?
Mercantilism
## Footnote
This theory emphasized the importance of gold and silver as measures of wealth.
41
What was the primary motivation behind European expansionism during the Age of Discovery?
Search for new trade routes and resources
## Footnote
Spices were particularly sought after during this time.
42
What was the dominant economic theory during the Age of Discovery?
Mercantilism
## Footnote
Mercantilism emphasized the importance of gold and silver as measures of a country's wealth.
43
What were Europeans primarily searching for during the Age of Exploration?
Spices from the Moluccas
## Footnote
The Moluccas are located in present-day Indonesia.
44
What is the patronato real?
Royal patronage agreement between kingdoms and the Vatican
## Footnote
This agreement allowed monarchs to control church resources and missionary appointments.
45
What major event in 1453 impacted European exploration efforts?
Fall of Constantinople
## Footnote
The fall led to the closing of the Silk Road, prompting Europeans to seek new trade routes.
46
Name three advancements that facilitated exploration during the Age of Discovery.
* More accurate navigational tools (compass, sextant, telescopes)
* Development of the printing press
* Rise of banking families
## Footnote
These advancements provided explorers with necessary resources and information.
47
Who reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1488?
Bartolomeu Diaz
## Footnote
This marked a significant milestone in maritime exploration.
48
What was significant about Vasco da Gama's journey in 1498?
He established a complete sea route from Europe to Asia
## Footnote
This route was known as the Carreira da India.
49
Who was the first explorer to attempt to reach Asia by sailing west?
Christopher Columbus
## Footnote
Columbus reached the New World in 1492.
50
What was the purpose of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
To divide the world into two halves for Spain and Portugal
## Footnote
This treaty aimed to avoid territorial conflicts between the two nations.
51
What was the outcome of Ferdinand Magellan's expedition?
First circumnavigation of the world
## Footnote
This expedition proved the world is spherical and established a westward route to Asia.
52
What were the names of the two significant treaties that defined territorial claims between Spain and Portugal?
* Treaty of Tordesillas
* Treaty of Zaragoza
## Footnote
The Treaty of Zaragoza completed the division of the world into two parts.
53
What were the outcomes of Magellan's expedition for Spain?
* Renewed claims over the Moluccas
* Legal claims to Asian territories
* Evidence of a westward route to Asia
## Footnote
These outcomes encouraged further Spanish expeditions.
54
What was the significance of the Urdaneta Passage?
Connected the Philippines and Mexico
## Footnote
This route was crucial for Spanish governance and trade between the two regions.
55
In what year was Manila declared a Spanish colony?
1571
## Footnote
The city was renamed Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad de Manila.
56
What factors contributed to Manila being chosen as the capital of the Philippines?
* Wealth
* Population density
* Favorable geographic characteristics
## Footnote
Proximity to China and distance from southern enemies were also key factors.
57
What were the new social classes introduced by the Spanish in the Philippines?
To be determined based on further context
## Footnote
Understanding the social structure is crucial for grasping colonial impacts.
58
True or False: The Spanish colonial government established the reducción system to create plazas.
True
## Footnote
The reducción system aimed to consolidate and control the indigenous population.
59
Fill in the blank: The Battle of _______ led to the defeat of Rajah Sulayman's forces.
Manila
## Footnote
This battle was a significant event in the establishment of Spanish rule.
60
What was Manila known as during the Spanish period?
The settlement within the walls or Intramuros
## Footnote
The term 'Intramuros' refers to the historical fortified city of Manila.
61
What were the suburbs outside Intramuros collectively called?
Manila’s arrabales
## Footnote
'Arrabales' translates to suburbs or outskirts.
62
List the main defensive structures of Manila during the Spanish period.
* Walls (muros)
* Citadels (baluartes)
* Gates (puertas)
* Moats (fosos)
## Footnote
These structures were part of the city's defense system.
63
What type of streets were constructed in Manila to accommodate horse-drawn carriages?
Paved with cobblestones
## Footnote
Cobblestone streets facilitated faster travel.
64
What significant buildings were located within Intramuros?
* Churches
* Schools
* Governor’s palace (Palacio del Gobernador)
* City hall (Ayuntamiento)
## Footnote
These institutions were typical of European city layouts.
65
What was Tondo known as during the Spanish colonial period?
The fishermen’s village (pueblo de los pescadores)
## Footnote
Tondo had a native population called indios.
66
What was the name of the village in Sampaloc known for its Japanese migrants?
Pueblo dilao
## Footnote
This name reflects the presence of Japanese migrants escaping the Tokugawa Shogunate.
67
Where was the commercial center of the region located during the Spanish period?
Binondo
## Footnote
Binondo was also where baptized Chinese were found.
68
What was the area called where non-Christian Chinese were forced to reside?
Parian
## Footnote
The term 'chinos infieles' refers to non-Christian Chinese.
69
Name four barangays developed as Spanish cities.
* Vigan (Villa Fernandina, 1572)
* Naga (Ciudad de Nueva Caceres, 1575)
* Iloilo (Villa Rica de Arevalo, 1581)
* Zamboanga (Real Fuerza de San Jose, 1635)
## Footnote
These barangays were well-populated and organized, making them suitable for transformation into cities.
70
What royal decree did Philip II issue in 1573 regarding Spanish colonial towns?
Towns should be near the coast or river with a port, have access to forests, and follow a grid pattern
## Footnote
This decree aimed to standardize town planning.
71
What was the purpose of the reducción system proposed by Juan de Plasencia?
To move the native population from their barangays to Spanish-built towns
## Footnote
The aim was to facilitate tax collection, conversion to Catholicism, and better governance.
72
What were the four main benefits the Spanish sought from the reducción system?
* Collect taxes efficiently
* Convert non-Spanish to Catholicism
* Access native manpower
* Police the movement of people
## Footnote
This system was initially rejected by the natives.
73
What was the centerpiece of the towns that attracted natives to move into pueblos?
The plaza
## Footnote
The plaza contained essential buildings and was a gathering space for the community.
74
What are some examples of plazas in the Philippines?
* Plaza Roma (Manila)
* Plaza Argao (Argao, Cebu)
* Plaza Binondo (Binondo)
## Footnote
Plazas served as community centers in colonial towns.
75
What terms were used to describe law-abiding residents of the pueblos?
* Taga-loob (insiders)
* Bajo el son de la campana (under the sound of the bell)
## Footnote
These terms contrasted with those who remained outside.
76
What social class was at the top of the Spanish colonial hierarchy?
Peninsulares
## Footnote
The peninsulares were full-blooded Spanish born in Spain.
77
What role did the Gobernador-General serve in the Philippines?
Chief justice, captain of the colonial army, manager of Galleon Trade
## Footnote
The Gobernador-General was appointed by the King and held significant power.
78
What was the function of the Consejo de Indias?
To manage colonies and write colonial laws
## Footnote
Established by King Charles V in 1524.
79
What was the highest position in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period?
Governador-General
## Footnote
This position was only open to peninsulares.
80
What was the role of the alcalde mayor or corregidor in the provinces?
Head of local police and head judge of provincial courts
## Footnote
They were responsible for tax collection and local governance.
81
What was the smallest political unit during the Spanish period?
Barrio or village
## Footnote
The barrio was ruled by a cabeza de barangay.
82
What was the indulto de comercio?
License to trade
## Footnote
This privilege allowed alcaldes to participate in local trading.
83
What is the role of the cabeza de barangay?
Village Head
## Footnote
The cabeza de barangay was a native appointed by the colonial government.
84
What were the two specific duties of the gobernadorcillo and cabeza de barangay?
* Drafting laborers for polo y servicio
* Collecting taxes from colonial subjects
85
What was the compensation for the cabeza de barangay?
2 Mexican pesos per year and tax exemption
86
How did the colonial government justify taxation?
To raise funds for maintaining colonies, military campaigns, assisting the Catholic Church, and replenishing the royal treasury.
87
Who were encomenderos?
Individuals (peninsulares) who collected taxes from colonial subjects on behalf of the government.
88
What were the duties of an encomendero?
* Protect people from invasions
* Maintain peace and order
* Assist friars in Christianizing non-Spanish
89
What was the polo y servicios?
System of community forced labor requiring colonial subjects to work for the government for 40 days per year.
90
Fill in the blank: The annual forced sale of goods from taxpayers to the government was called _______.
bandala
91
What were the exemptions from the polo y servicios?
* Members of the principalia
* Soldiers
* Students
* Sick or crippled individuals
* Those who paid an additional tax (falla)
92
What was the Galleon Trade?
Trade system between the Philippines and Mexico starting in 1565.
93
How many galleons were allowed to trade between the Philippines and Mexico per year?
Two galleons
94
What were the primary products sent from Manila to Mexico?
* Silk
* Porcelain
* Jade
* Gunpowder
* Spices
* Mangoes
* Coconut
* Rice
95
What was the situado?
Mexico’s annual subsidy for the colonial government of the Philippines amounting to 300,000 pesos.
96
What was the composition of the basic tax called tribut?
15 reales in the 19th century
97
True or False: The Galleon Trade was considered very safe for its participants.
False
98
What was the impact of the Galleon Trade on globalization?
One of the earliest traces of globalization by connecting three continents.
99
What was the first mass celebrated in the Philippines?
Celebrated in Mazaua (Limasawa, Southern Leyte) on 31 March.
100
What was the outcome of the Magellan expedition regarding Christianity?
Christianization was halted after the Battle of Mactan.
101
What was the role of the government in the conversion process during the early colonial period?
Assisted in propagating Catholicism among natives and non-Spanish groups.
102
Fill in the blank: The collection of taxes was done annually and per _______.
household
103
What significant event halted the Christianization process in the Philippines in 1521?
The Battle of Mactan, where Magellan was killed.
104
When did the Christianization of the Philippines resume?
In 1565, with the Legazpi expedition taking Cebu.
105
Name three major churches built during the early years of Christianization in the Philippines.
* Basilica Menor del Santo Niño in Cebu (1565)
* Manila Cathedral (1571)
* San Agustin Church in Manila (1607)
106
Who primarily spearheaded the conversion of people to Catholicism in the Philippines?
Regular clergy, including friars, monks, and priests from religious orders.
107
List five religious orders involved in the early Christianization of the Philippines and their founding years.
* Augustinians (1565)
* Franciscans (1577)
* Jesuits (1581)
* Dominicans (1587)
* Recollects (1606)
108
Fill in the blank: The process of Christianization often led to ______ due to native resistance.
violence
109
What was the strategy used by missionaries to convert the nobility in the Philippines?
Targeting members of the nobility and educating their children in Spanish schools.
110
What was the Doctrina Christiana?
A book used for religious instruction in the early years of Christianization.
111
What did the friars vilify in the precolonial belief system?
Babaylan
112
True or False: The introduction of Catholicism did not result in any changes to society in the Philippines.
False
113
What were the two Philippine regions that successfully resisted Spanish colonialism?
* Mindanao
* Cordilleras
114
What was the motivation behind the Spanish annexation of the Philippines?
A civilizing mission guided by Christianity.
115
What concept from Islam allowed sultans in Mindanao to organize armies against the Spanish?
Jihad
116
What was the strategy called that the Spanish used to establish settlements in the Cordilleras?
Misiones vivas
117
What factors contributed to the failure of Spanish colonization in the Cordilleras?
* Complex mountainous topography
* Ygolotes' tendency to relocate
* Headhunting practices
118
Describe the nature of revolts expressed by natives who accepted the colonial order.
Poorly coordinated, confined to small areas, and directed against specific policies.
119
Who led the Tagalog Revolt in Manila in 1574?
Sulayman and Lakandula
120
What was the outcome of the Tondo Conspiracy in 1587?
The plan was revealed to authorities, leading to its failure.
121
What was the Tamblot Revolt in 1621 about?
A revolt led by the bayugin Tamblot against the colonizers.
122
Fill in the blank: The Apolinario dela Cruz Revolt occurred in ______.
Tayabas, 1841
123
What economic reasons motivated many revolts during the Spanish colonial period?
Harsh policies of taxation and forced labor.
124
Who led the Diego and Gabriela Silang Revolt in Ilocos in 1762?
Diego Silang
125
What happened to Diego Silang after he was proclaimed alcalde-mayor?
He was betrayed and killed.
