Lectures 1 and 2 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Pinworm infection:
Whats the bug?
A
Enterobius vermicularis
2
Q
MC worm infection in US
A
Pinworm infection
3
Q
Pinworm infection:
how to Dx?
A
scotch tape test
4
Q
Pinworm infection:
signs/sxs
A
anal pruritis
5
Q
Pinworm infection:
Tx?
A
pyrental pamoate or bendazoles
6
Q
Pinworm infection:
transmission
A
fecal-oral
7
Q
Endoparasite
A
parasite that lives inside of host (tapeworm, malaria)
8
Q
ectoparasite
A
parasite that lives outside of host (tick)
9
Q
Reservoir
A
host which maintains parasite in nature as a source for continued transmission
10
Q
definitive host
A
host in which sexual reproduction takes place
11
Q
intermediate host
A
Host in which development occurs, possibly asexual reproduction, but not sexual repro
12
Q
accidental host
A
host in which parasite cannot complete life cycle
13
Q
Metazoan also called what?
how many cells
A
Helminths
multicellular
14
Q
protozoan how many cells?
A
single celled
15
Q
life cycle of metazoan
A
egg, larval stage, adult stage
16
Q
life cycle of protozoan
A
can be complex
17
Q
types of metazoan
A
Roundworms
Flat worms
18
Q
Roundworms subcategory
A
nematodes (ascaris, strongyloides)
19
Q
Flatworms 2 types?
A
trematodes (flukes)
- schistosoma
Cestodes (tapeworms)
- taenia
20
Q
Flagellates 3 types?
A
Leishmania, giardia, trypanosomes
21
Q
4 categories of protozoans?
A
flagellates
amoebas
sporozoea
Ciliates
22
Q
2 types of amoebas
A
entamoeba, naegleria
23
Q
2 sporozoea
A
cryptosporidium, malaria
24
Q
3 soil transmitted helminths
A
ascariasis
trichuriasis (whipworm)
hookworm
25
Hook worm:
| Bug?
Ancylostoma duodenale and necator americanus
26
Hook worm:
| Transmission
Larvae penetrate skin --> blood --> lung --> swallow --> GI --> eggs in feces
27
Hook worm:
| Dz?
- worms have teeth
- cause anemia by sucking blood from intestinal wall
- can cause inflammation and eosinophilia
28
Hook worm:
| Tx?
Bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate
29
Hook worm:
| type of parasite?
Nematode (round worm)
30
```
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
type of parasite?
```
Nematode (round worm)
31
```
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
transmission
```
fecal-oral
| eat egg --> GI --> blood --> lung --> swallow --> GI (infected)
32
```
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
common
```
Global morbidity per year = 1 billion
| 25% of population globally is infected
33
```
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
Dz.
```
Intestinal infection
| - large burden --> pneumonitis
34
```
Ascaris lumbricoides (giant roundworm):
Tx
```
Pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole
35
Toxocara canis and T. cati:
| Type?
Protozoa
36
Toxocara canis and T. cati:
| lifecycle?
eggs from dog or cat roundworm ingested
| - humans are accidental (dead end) hosts
37
Toxocara canis and T. cati:
| Dz?
- larvae penetrate lung, liver, eyes and cause inflammation
- cutaneous larva cause migrating inflammation as worm moves in subQ tissue
- major eosinophilic response
38
Strongyloides stercoralis:
| Type of parasite
Nematode
39
Strongyloides stercoralis:
| lifecycle
soil --> skin --> blood --> lung --> GI --> lay eggs in gut (AUTOINFECTION)
40
Strongyloides stercoralis:
| Dz?
- frequently assymptomatic with eosinophilia
- Sxs: 3 stages
1. skin invasion - purpuric papule
2. lung migration: loeffler's syndrome (eosinophilic pneumonitis)
3. intestinal phase: GI sxs
41
Strongyloides stercoralis:
| Dz in immunocompromised host
disseminated infection
- massive parasite burden in lungs --> resp. failure
- acute abdomen and sepsis may occur
- may not have eosinophilia (no immune system)
42
Strongyloides stercoralis:
| Dx
serology
43
Strongyloides stercoralis:
| Tx?
Ivermectin or albendazole
| empirically treat high risk patients before immunosurppresive therapy
44
Trichinosis:
| Bug?
Trichinella spiralis
45
Trichinosis:
| Transmission?
Eat larva from flesh of carnivorous animal
| - larva enters GI tract --> blood --> becomes encysted larva in striated muscle
46
Trichinosis:
| Dz?
gastroenteritis --> fever --> muscle tenderness --> inflammation and weakness --> WBC and eosinophilia
47
Trichinosis:
| Dx
History
48
Trichinosis:
| Tx
supportive therapy
| mebendazole eliminates adults, but not larvae
49
```
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
Bug?
```
Wuchereria bancrofti
50
```
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
transmission?
```
mosquito --> blood --> lymphatics
51
```
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
Dz?
```
- adult organisms in lymph channel provokes inflam
- adults die after 5 years, calcify, more inflam
- lymph channel blocked --> fluid build up
52
```
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
Dx?
```
Microfilaria in blood at night
53
```
Lymphatic Filariasis (elephantitis):
Tx?
```
Diethylcarbamazine kills adults
54
Tapeworm:
| Bug?
```
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)
```
55
Tapeworm:
| size?
these can be big (10 meters)
56
Tapeworm:
| parts?
scolex - head with sucking or grasping parts
proglottids - segment with branched uteri produces thousands of eggs (terminal portions break off and release eggs)
Note: these have no digestive tract --> must be long to absorb nutrients
57
Tapeworm:
| life cycle
- eggs eaten by animals (pork)
- larvae form cysts in muscle
- eaten by human
- pape worm in gut
- larvae can get into brain
- when they die --> inflammation
58
Tapeworm:
| Dz
- Very little with intestinal infection
| - neurocysticercosis (not a problem until worms die)
59
Tapeworm:
| Dx
eggs or proglottids from stool, serology/imaging
60
Tapeworm:
| Tx
Praziquantel
61
Hydatid cyst disease:
| Bug?
Echinococcus granulosus life cycle
62
Hydatid cyst disease:
| transmission and lifecycle?
ingestion of eggs in dog feces
63
Hydatid cyst disease:
| Dz
- forms cysts in many tissues that grow slowly over time
- liver cyst - obstructive jaundice
- brain cyst - intracranial pressure
- big problem if cyst ruptures --> anaphylaxis
64
Hydatid cyst disease:
| Dx
history (sheep, dogs)
| serology
65
Hydatid cyst disease:
| Tx
surgery for cyst (inject ethanol to kill before removal)
| - Mebendazole
66
Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):
| Bug
S. mansoni (africa)
S. japonicum (asia)
S. haematobium (africa)***
67
Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):
| transmission and lifecycle
fresh water snails are hosts
| - adults live in blood vessels that drain intestine/bladder, produce huge numbers of eggs
68
Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):
| Dz?
S. haematobium - bladder granulomas, painless hematuria, associated with Squam bladder cancer
S. mansoni, S. japonicum - liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis, inflammation --> Portal HTN and hepatosplenomegaly
69
Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):
| Tx
Praziquantel
70
Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):
| S. mansoni egg morphology
spine in middle (more like off to the side)
71
Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):
| S. japonicum egg morphology
round
72
Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):
| S. haematobium egg morphology
spine on tip (terminal spine)
73
Shistosomiasis (blood fluke):
| sexual pattern
female crawls inside of male and they circulate together laying eggs
74
Entomoeba histolytica:
| transmission/lifecycle
- mature cyst ingested in fecally contaminated food, water, hands
- trophozoites migrate to large intestines
- trophozoites produce cysts
75
Entomoeba histolytica:
| Morphology
trophozoite (active form) - single nucleus often contains ingested RBCs
cyst - excreted
76
Entomoeba histolytica:
| Dz
- major cause of amebic dysentery
- chronic - recurrent episodes with blood and mucus in feces
- can disseminate to liver, lung, brain --> forms abscesses
77
Entomoeba histolytica:
| Pathology
Flask-shaped ulcers in large intestine
78
Entomoeba histolytica:
| Dx
serology, cystes in stool
79
Entomoeba histolytica:
| Tx
Metronidazole
80
Naegleria fowleri:
| Transmission
freshwater lakes
| - outbreaks in neti pots
81
Naegleria fowleri:
| Dz
- migrates through cribiform plate to brain
- can see amoeba in CSF
- rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis
82
Naegleria fowleri:
| Tx
Amphotericin B - but barely any survivors
83
Trichomonas Vaginalis:
| Transmission
Sexual - cannot exist outside of human because cant form cysts
84
Trichomonas Vaginalis:
| sxs and disease
foul-smelling, greenish, frothy discharge
itching and burning
increased pH of vagina
strawberry cervix
85
Trichomonas Vaginalis:
| Dx
motile flagellated protozoan on wet mount
86
Trichomonas Vaginalis:
| Rx
metronidazole for patient and partner
87
Giardiasis:
| Bug?
Giardia lamblia
88
Giardiasis:
| transmission
cysts in water (think hikers)
89
Giardiasis:
| morphology
2 nuclei and bilateral symmetry
| looks kinda like tadpole with eyes
90
Giardiasis:
| sxs and Dz
- flatulence, GI distension, foul-smelling diarrhea with lots of fats
- flattened intestinal epithelium --> malabsorption
91
Giardiasis:
| Dx
cysts and trophs in stool
92
Giardiasis:
| Tx
metronidazole
