Lectures 10-13 Flashcards
(45 cards)
What are food systems, and how do they differ from agricultural systems?
Food systems encompass the entire process of food from production to disposal, including environmental, social, and institutional elements. They differ from agricultural systems by extending to markets, technologies, and practices beyond farming.
How have globalizing food systems impacted local socio-ecological systems?
They have destabilized local systems by increasing land teleconnections, intensifying agricultural land use, and driving the conversion of natural ecosystems into agricultural land.
What factors contributed to the “quinoa revolution” in Bolivia?
Factors include the introduction of tractors, the formation of ANAPQUI, FAO recognition of quinoa, rising global demand, and the UN’s designation of 2013 as the “International Year of Quinoa.”
List two ecological challenges caused by the quinoa revolution.
(1) Overgrazing due to increased livestock
(2) Land degradation and biodiversity loss from expanded mechanized agriculture
What are three resilience attributes of sustainable food systems?
(1) Knowledge and skills for sustainable farming
(2) Strong community networks
(3) Diverse and innovative economies
What key considerations are essential for more sustainable food system transitions?
Promoting diverse agricultural practices, strengthening community governance, ensuring equitable market access, investing in innovation, and addressing power imbalances.
What are Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs), and provide examples.
NTFPs are biological products, excluding timber, harvested by humans from natural ecosystems. Examples include fruits, nuts, seeds, medicinal plants, ornamental plants, resins, essences, fibers, oils, honey, mushrooms, and bushmeat.
What are Social-Ecological Systems (SESs)?
SESs are complex systems integrating a biophysical unit and the social fabric, including actors and institutions. They span multiple spatial and temporal scales, with decisions and dynamics at one level influencing others through feedback relationships.
What was the goal of the Pirenópolis case study?
To understand the role of NTFP activities in stimulating sustainable social-ecological development in the Cerrado and why certain interactions result in positive or negative outcomes for both human and biophysical systems.
Name the primary economic activities in Pirenópolis.
Cattle farming, tourism, agriculture, and mining.
Identify factors that contributed to the rise of NTFP activities in Pirenópolis.
- The 1992 Rio Summit and increased global awareness of environmental issues.
- Loss of natural vegetation in the Cerrado during the 1990s.
- National programs promoting NTFPs (e.g., Embrapa, Sebrae).
- Growing demand for sustainable food products.
- Financial support for cooperatives and associations.
- Awareness raised by national celebrities.
Which groups predominantly engage in NTFP activities in Pirenópolis?
Women and older adults (60+).
What challenges do NTFP harvesters face in accessing resources?
- Resource access is restricted due to private ownership of forested cattle farms.
- Long distances (10-25 km) to access resources, often requiring shared transportation.
What limits NTFP processing in Pirenópolis?
- Inadequate facilities for processing and storage.
- Challenges meeting Sanitary Vigilance Department and market requirements.
Through which channels are NTFPs commercialized?
Companies, family enterprises, informal sales, fairs, organic food stores, specialized shops, and online platforms.
What positive social-ecological outcomes arise from NTFP activities?
- Income generation and improved food security.
- Encouragement of tree planting and protection.
- Strengthened cultural connections and sense of place.
- Optimism and fulfillment from profits and aspirations.
What major social-ecological challenges threaten NTFP activities?
- Restricted access to resources and land.
- Expansion of croplands leading to habitat loss.
- Increased fire frequency damaging ecosystems.
- Corruption, free-riders, and lack of trust hampering collective action.
How can NTFPs support sustainable development in Pirenópolis?
- Sharing knowledge of sustainable harvesting practices.
- Diversifying the product base.
- Leveraging Pirenópolis’s location for tourism and new markets.
- Rebuilding trust and cooperatives.
- Establishing secure territories for NTFP access.
Define gender and explain its social construction.
Gender encompasses social attributes, opportunities, and relationships associated with being male or female. It is socially constructed, learned through socialization, and context/time-specific.
What is intersectionality?
Intersectionality examines how gender intersects with other social identities (e.g., class, race) to shape experiences and opportunities.
Why are women disproportionately affected by environmental degradation?
Women often handle tasks like water and firewood collection, which become harder as resources deplete. Social norms and power dynamics also limit their access to resources and decision-making opportunities.
Compare Women in Development (WID), Women and Development (WAD), and Women, Environment, and Development (WED).
- WID: Focused on including women in development processes but critiqued for portraying women as victims.
- WAD: Highlighted the role of women in development, but overlooked structural inequalities.
- WED: Linked environmental and women’s issues but failed to address gender diversity and intersectionality.
What is Feminist Political Ecology?
It examines how gender and intersecting identities (e.g., class, ethnicity) influence resource access and ecological changes.
Provide an example of a gendered impact of seemingly neutral policies.
Land-titling programs in Latin America disadvantaged women due to pre-existing inequalities in land ownership and inheritance laws.
