Lectures 11-12: Setting and Striving Towards Goals

Question 1

Define self-regulation

Answer 1

Process of regulation, control and alteration of behavior in pursuit of a goal

Question 2

What is required for self-regulation?

Answer 2

Ability to prioritize long-term goals over immediate rewards

Question 3

What does self-discrepancy theory suggest?

Answer 3

That we have multiple versions of ourselves

Question 4

What are the different versions of our self? (According to self-discrepancy theory)

Answer 4

1. Actual self
2. Ideal self
3. Ought self

Question 5

Actual self

Answer 5

Who you believe you are right now

Question 6

Ideal self

Answer 6

Who you wish you could be

Question 7

Ought self

Answer 7

Who you think you should be based on responsibilities, expectations, and obligations

Question 8

What do discrepancies between actual and ideal and/or ought selves lead to?

Answer 8

Plan of action to eliminate discrepancies

Question 9

Regulatory focus theory

Answer 9

Proposes that different emotions arise because we use two distinct motivational systems when pursuing different goals

Question 10

What are the two systems according to regulatory focus theory

Answer 10

Promotion and Prevention systems

Question 11

Promotion system is associated with ______-self goals

Answer 11

Ideal

Question 12

Prevention system is associated with ______-self goals

Answer 12

Ought

Question 13

Promotion system focuses on _____ and _____ whereas Prevention system focuses on _____ and _____

Answer 13

Gain and Growth; Safety and Security

Question 14

Promotion system is motivated by _______ ______ and ____ _____ opportunities, whereas Prevention system is motivated by ______ _____

Answer 14

Maximizing gains and Minimizing lost opportunities;

Loss aversion

Question 15

In promotion system, success leads to ______ and _____ while failure leads to ____ and _________

Answer 15

Happiness and pride; disappointment and dejection

Question 16

In prevention system, success leads to ______ and _____ while failure results in _____, ______ and ______

Answer 16

Relief and calm; Anxiety, Stress, and guilt

Question 17

Where does regulatory focus motivation come from? (3)

Answer 17

1. Temperament
2. Culture
3. Identity
   (TCI)

Question 18

What kind of parenting encourages promotion focus?

Answer 18

Bolstering and nurturing parenting that focuses on aspirations and progress

Question 19

What kind of parenting encourages prevention focus?

Answer 19

Punitive, controlling parenting that focuses on obedience, obligations, and safety

Question 20

Being in an __________ culture increases the chances of developing promotion focus

Answer 20

Individualistic

Question 21

Being in a ____________ culture increases chances of developing a prevention focus

Answer 21

Collectivistic

Question 22

Interacting with someone who resembles an _____ _____ can activate regulatory focus

Answer 22

Important person

Question 23

Explicit rejection triggers ______ focus

Answer 23

Prevention

Question 24

Being ignored triggers _________ focus

Answer 24

Promotion

Question 25

Dan got overtly rejected, what are the likely two reactions to be displayed?

Answer 25

1. He will pull back to avoid further harm - Anxiety and withdrawal 2. He will start second-guessing what he said or did wrong - Regret over actions

Question 26

Justin got ignored, what reactions is he likely to display? (2)

Answer 26

1. Increased motivation to engage - Sadness but motivation to reconnect 2. Wishing he had spoken or done more - regret over inactivity

Question 27

Direct rejection leads to _______ physical ________ sensitivity

Answer 27

Greater, Pain

Question 28

What does explicit rejection trigger

Answer 28

Anxiety, withdrawal, hyper-vigialnce to avoid further harm

Question 29

Why hyperalgesia in face of elicit rejection may be perceived as an adaptive response?

Answer 29

Increased pain sensitivity allows for detection and avoidance of further social threats

Question 30

Passive exclusion can lead to _______ physical _______ sensitivity

Answer 30

reduced pain

Question 31

What could be a potential adaptive function of analgesia in face of being ignored

Answer 31

Body dampens the pain to keep focus on reconnecting

Question 32

Properties of promotion focus (Eager Approach) (5)

Answer 32

1. Growth and achievement focus 2. Active opportunity seeking 3. Risk taking for advancement 4. Sensitive to gains and missed gains 5. Ability to maintain enthusiasm by imagining success or inflating positive self-valuations

Question 33

Properties of prevention focus (vigilant avoidance) (3)

Answer 33

1. Use of vigilant strategies - more careful, cautious, focused on avoiding mistakes 2. Sensitive to losses and non-losses 3. Ability to maintain vigilant approach by imagining possibility of failure or deflating positive self-valuations

Question 34

As promotion-focused individuals get closer to their goals, they become even more _______ to _______ their _______ outcome

Answer 34

Eager to reach their ideal outcome

Question 35

As prevention-focused individuals get closer to their goals, they become even more _____ to ensure they _______ make _______

Answer 35

Vigilant to ensure they don't make mistakes

Question 36

Are both promotion- and prevention-focused individuals strictly rigid in their approaches as they get closer to reaching their goals?

Answer 36

No, both types of individuals can use different strategies, depending on their goals and current status

Question 37

Let's say Dan has an prevention focus and he is in a neutral state, what will he aim to do?

Answer 37

Maintain his position at zero to hold on to stability

Question 38

Let's say Alex has a promotion focus and they are in a neutral state, what will they aim to do?

Answer 38

Move forward from the neutral state, take risks just to go above neutrality

Question 39

Let's say someone with a promotion focus fell into a state of failure or loss (below zero), how is it likely to influence them as opposed to neutral state?

Answer 39

Likely to have no influence since both neutral and failure states are seen as failure states

Question 40

Let's say someone with a prevention focus falls below neutrality into a state of failure, how is it likely to affect them compared to neutral state?

Answer 40

It is likely to make them take more risks to get back to the state of safety

Question 41

Dan is prevention focused, he just lost a fair sum of cash, what behavior are we likely to see in regard to his financial decisions?

Answer 41

He is likely to take a risk, but only if it has a potential to recover his loss

Question 42

If a prevention-focused individual moves past neutrality (success), how is it likely to affect them compared to neutral state?

Answer 42

No effect since both neutral state and state of success are seen as success

Question 43

If a promotion-focused individual moves into a state of success, what changes are we likely to see in their behavior compared to neutral state?

Answer 43

Will take fewer risks if they believe they've made enough progress, will continue taking risks if they think that not enough progress has been made

Question 44

What are the trade-offs when it comes to speed in promotion and prevention focuses?

Answer 44

Promotion focus individuals prioritize speed over accuracy, which may lead to faster decision making, but lead to more errors Prevention focus individuals prioritize accuracy over speed, which may lead to fewer errors at the cost of time

Question 45

Promotion-focused individuals thrive on _______, whereas prevention-focused individuals thrive on ________

Answer 45

Success, failure

Question 46

Success allows promotion focused individuals to .... Failure allows prevention focused individuals to ...

Answer 46

Reflect on their achievements to boost confidence Sharpen their focus and remain cautions

Question 47

Promotion-focused individuals struggle with _____ because it makes them lose momentum Prevention-focused individuals struggle with _____ because it makes them less alert and engaged

Answer 47

Failure Success

Question 48

Promotion-focused individuals persist longer when they focus on ... Prevention-focused individuals persist longer when they focus on...

Answer 48

Strength and potential Weakness and risks

Question 49

What type of feedback is more beneficial for promotion-focused individuals? What about prevention-focused invidividuals?

Answer 49

Feedback on their success Feedback on their failure

Question 50

Promotion-focused individuals are inspired by ..... Prevention-focused individuals are inspired by ......

Answer 50

Role models and inspiring stories Negative role models and cautionary tales

Question 51

What are the expectations each type of focus employs?

Answer 51

Promotion focus employs high expectations, increasing pursuit of high-value rewards Prevention focus employs low expectations to fuel their vigilance

Question 52

Main weakness of promotion is _______ and ______ ______whereas the main weakness of prevention is ______ ______ and ______

Answer 52

Overconfidence and ignoring failure; excessive caution and anxiety

Question 53

Optimism allows promotion-focused individuals to ______ _____ but it can also lead them to _____ _____

Answer 53

Bounce back, ignore weaknesses

Question 54

Vigilance helps prevention-focused individuals to _____ ______ but it can also be _____ ______

Answer 54

Stay alert; Mentally exhausting

Question 55

Promotion-focused individuals are more likely to _______ their control over outcome and _______ risks

Answer 55

overestimate, downplay

Question 56

Prevention-focused individuals are likely to _______ on failure, which allows them to ______ their cautious mindset

Answer 56

Fixate, maintain

Question 57

In extreme cases, over-eagerness in promotion-focused individuals leads to ______ optimism or even _______ ________

Answer 57

Unrealistic, manic tendencies

Question 58

To maintain vigilance, prevention-focused individuals may ______ their expectations too much, leading to _____-_____ and excessive _____

Answer 58

Lower, self-doubts, excessive worry

Question 59

In extreme cases, hypervigilance in prevention-focus may lead to ______ ______

Answer 59

Anxiety disorders