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SMP - MCP Exam 1 > Lectures 12 & 13: Histology: Tissues, Epithelium, and Glands > Flashcards

Lectures 12 & 13: Histology: Tissues, Epithelium, and Glands Flashcards

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1
Q

How was the meter defined?

A

10-7 distance from the equator to the north pole

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2
Q

What is the smallest unit of measure the eye can see

A

1 mm

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3
Q

How big is an RBC?

A

7-9 micrometers in diameter

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4
Q

How thick is the plasma membrane?

A

7.5-10 nanometers thick

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5
Q

What is an angstrom?

A

10-10 meters

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6
Q

By how much does the eye fixture of an LM usually magnify the sample?

A

x10

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7
Q

What part of the LM can make the magnification vary?

A

The objective lenses

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8
Q

What is the equation to calculate the resolution of the LM?

A

Resolution = wavelength x 0.61 / numerical aperture

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9
Q

How does the aperture affect the resolution?

A

The larger the aperture, the worse the resolution (more blurry)

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10
Q

What is the resolution of LM?

A

0.2 microns

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11
Q

What is the magnification of LM?

A

x1,500

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12
Q

What is the definition of resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish 2 pts that are close together

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13
Q

Explain how the TEM works

A
  1. Heat up cathode
  2. Electrons come up through the cathode and accelerate towards the anode (+ charged)
  3. E- go through the anode hole
  4. The sample deflects or absorbs the beam and the beam of e-s goes through sections of a thin grid on which the sample is held
  5. Beam is reflected on a fluorescent screen releasing photons by different lenses

Whole unit is in a very high vacuum

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14
Q

What replaces the LM objective lenses in the TEM?

A

The objective lens, the intermediate lens, and the projector lens

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15
Q

What is the resolution of TEM?

A

1-1.45 nm

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16
Q

What is the magnification of TEM?

A

x500,000

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17
Q

Describe how SEM works

A

Similar to TEM: cathode that releases e- when heated (thermyonic emission) towards an anode and passes through electromagnbetic lenses that focus beam on sample. Instead of going through the sample, the beam causes the sample to emit secondary and reflected electrons. It scans the surface but does not go through like in the TEM and as it scans, there is another beam pointing down and you can a 3D image of the surface topography of the sample

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18
Q

What is the resolution of SEM?

A

2 nm

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19
Q

What is the magnification of SEM?

A

x100,000

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20
Q

Cell? Microscope?

A

RBC

LM

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21
Q

Microscope?

A

TEM

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22
Q

Cell? Microscope?

A

SEM

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23
Q

Cell? Microscope? Stain?

A

Kidney

LM

H&E

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24
Q

Cell? Microscope? Blue arrows? Black arrows? Dark black?

A

Kidney

TEM

Cilia

Mitochondria

Dark black: lysosomes

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25
Cell? Microscope?
Kidney SEM
26
What kind of prep needed for LM?
1. Fixation (w/ formaldehyde) and dehydration 2. Embedding (wax or plastic) 3. Sectioning (5-10 microns thick) with microtone and steel knives 4. Mounting and staining
27
What microscopes require dehydration of samples? Why? What is water replaced with?
ALL LM and TEM because the samples are embedded in plastic or wax which are not miscible with water SEM because of vacuum environment Replaced with organic solvent
28
What is another term for LM?
Brightfield microscopy
29
What are the 5 common LM stains? Describe each
1. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E): H stains (-) charged and is basophilic and E stains (+) and is eosinophilic 2. Periodic Acid - Schiff: stains carbs 3. Aldehyde Fuchsin: stains elastic fibers and b-cells of the pancreatic islets 4. Orcein: stains elastic fibers 5. Silver: stains reticular fibers (collagen)
30
What does PAS stain?
Carbs
31
What does H&E stain?
H: nuclei E: cytoplasm
32
Cell? Microscope? Small arrows?
Trachea LM Small: bleached mucus glands due to dehydration (w/ cilia on the surfaces)
33
Cell? Microscope? Arrows?
Trachea (with cilia) TEM Arrows: liquid preserved in the glands
34
Difference between cilia and microvilia?
Microvilia are much smaller
35
Cell? Microscope? Stain? A? F? D?
LM Intestine cell PAS a: glycocalyx f: mucins d: lymphocytes
36
Stain? Cell? Microscope?
LM Silver Golgi
37
What prepartion is needed for TEM?
1. Fixation (with osmium tetroxide that preserves lipid) and dehydration 2. Embedding in beam capsules 3. Polymerization of capsules in oven 4. Remove sample from mold 5. Trim for ultrathin sectioning with diamong or glass knives 6. Sample collected on grids (many different types) in a boat of water 7. Staining to impart different electron density with heavy metals (lead and uranium salts) to different parts of the cell
38
How is the fixation process different in LM and TEM?
LM: wax or plastic, thicker TEM: only plastic, thinner, more sophisticated
39
Microscope?
TEM
40
A? B?
A: microvilli labelled with gold particles B: aquaporins
41
What is freeze fractioning?
Another EM technique where we fracture the cell through the middle of the bilayer and expose the proteins embedded in the membrane (E and P faces)
42
What is the prep needed for SEM?
1. Fixation & dehydration (because it goes in a vacuum) 2. Coat it to accentuate the release of e-s from sample THAT'S IT!!
43
Which microscope requires the least prep?
SEM
44
What is this?
Cilia on trachea (goblet cells)
45
Electron beam different in SEM and TEM?
Nope
46
Same fixation process in LM and TEM?
Nope
47
At the LM level can you see ribosomes? Microtubule? Microfilament? Basal body?
No No No YES!
48
What are 8 characteristics of epithelial cells?
1. Cover/Line all surfaces in the body except for joint cavities 2. Lie on basal lamina of the basal membrane 3. Avascular 4. Polarity: apical and basolateral portions 5. Keratin filaments provide strength and desmosomes makes them act like a continuous sheet 6. Many have remarkable renewal capacity (like skin and intestines) 7. Derived from 3 germ layers: mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm 8. Diversity in function: secretory, protective, absorptive
49
Do epithelial cells have veins?
NOPE
50
How do you distinguish the basement membrane from the basement lamina?
Membrane: you can see with LM Lamina: EM level
51
What are surface epithelia classified by?
1. # of cells in epithelium: simple/stratified 2. Height and shape of surface layer of cells: squamous/cuboidal/columnar
52
Simple squamous epithelium: shape? what do they line? shape of nuclei?
Flat Body cavities, blood vessels Round nuclei
53
Simple cuboidal epithelium: shape? shape of nuclei?
Cube Flattened nuclei
54
Simple columnar epithelium: shape? shape of nuclei?
Tall Eliptical nuclei
55
Type of epithelial cell?
Simple squamous Blood vessel!!
56
Type of epythelial cell? Where?
Simple cuboidal Kidney collecting duct
57
Why does the nuclei seem to be missing on certain cells?
Not part of the cut plane in sample
58
Type of epithelial cell? Where?
Simple columnar Small intestine
59
What are the stratified epithelium cells named based on?
The surface cells
60
What are the 3 types of stratified epithelium? Describe each
1. Stratified squamous/cuboidal/columnar 2. Ciliated pseudostratified: not actually stratified but nuclei are at different levels 3. Transitional: dome shaped (very unique) which can squeeze and slide over each other
61
Where are transitional epithelium cells found?
Urinary passages: ureter, bladder (what brings urine from kidneys to bladder)
62
Type of epithelial cell? Where?
Stratified squamous (nonkeratinized) Esophagus
63
Type of epithelial cell? Where?
Stratified squamous keratinized Thin skin
64
Type of epithelial cell? Where? What is the pink?
Stratified squamous keratinized Thick skin Pink: epidermis
65
Type of epithelial cell? Where?
Stratified cuboidal Sweat gland duct
66
Type of epithelial cell? Where?
Stratified columnar Salivary gland duct
67
Type of epithelial cell? Where?
Pseudostratified Trachea (and all respitatory passages)
68
Type of epithelial cell? Where? Arrow?
Transitional Bladder Binucleation (common for transitional epithelial cells)
69
What are glandular epithelia specialized for? 2 types? Main one?
Secretion 1. Parenchyma: secretory cells of the gland (main type) 2. Stroma: connective tissue in glands supporting the parenchyma
70
What are the 2 main types of glands?
1. Endocrine: secretory product passes directly into blood 2. Exocrine: have ducts to convey product to surface of body or cavity or hollow organ
71
How do we classify the different types of exocrine glands?
1. Shape: tubular (coiled or branched) or acinar 2. Compound (branching ducts)/Simple (only one duct)
72
How can we categorize all glands regarding their secretion?
1. Type of secretion: (a) Serous: watery secretion: acinar, stained, nuclei are round and located in center (b) Mucous: viscous secretion: cytoplasm is bleached out during histo so you cannot stain it (appears clear), cuboidal cells w/ flat nuclei 2. Mode of secretion: (a) Merocrine (most): product release w/o loss of membrane (b) Apocrine: whole apical portion of cell is the product (c) Holocrine: whole cell is the product
73
What do you call the serous glands when connected to mucous glands?
Serous demilune
74
What is the mode of secretion of mammory glands?
Apocrine
75
What is the mode of secretion of sebaceous glands (skin: oily)?
Holocrine
76
Black arrows? White arrows?
Microvilli brush border Lymphocytes
77
What are these? Where? What microscope?
Microvilli Small intestine SEM
78
Each line?
Left to right: Filaments Terminal web Microvilli Cell coat
79
Arrows?
Left to right: Microvilli Microfilaments Cell coat (bottom)
80
Black? Blue?
Cilia Basal bodies
81
Arrow? Yellow? Microscope?
Cilia (also very small microvilli above goblet) Basal bodies TEM
82
What is this?
Cilia
83
What is this? Where? Microscope?
Stereocilia in ductus epididymis LM
84
What is this? Where? Microscope?
Stereocilia Ductus epididymis SEM
85
What is this? Where? Microscope?
Stereocilia Ductus epididymis TEM
86
What is this? What do they do?
Microplicae: folds in surface of non keratenized squamous epithelium Found in oral cavity vagina, anal canal, under the eye Hold a layer of mucin to protect surfaces from trauma
87
What microscope needed to see the ER?
EM
88
What can you stain cells that have a cytoplasm rich in ribosomes?
Basophilic dyes (like hematoxylin) because RNA is extremely basophilic
89
What is immunohistochemistry? 2 types?
Specific substances are stained in sections by the use of antibodies that are linked to a fluorescent compound or to an enzyme that can give rise to a colored precipitate in presence of a specific substrate 1. Direct method: primary antibody is labeled 2. Indirect method: second antibody directed toward the first is used to amplify the rxn

SMP - MCP Exam 1 (13 decks)

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