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Pathology Exam 1 > Lectures 12-17 > Flashcards

Lectures 12-17 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

characteristics of benign tumors

A

usually resemble normal tissue, slow growth rate

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2
Q

cell of origin: adeno-

A

epithelial; glandular

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3
Q

cell of origin: lipo-

A

mesenchymal; fat

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4
Q

cell of origin: fibro-

A

mesenchymal; connective tissue-making

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5
Q

cell of origin: leio

A

mesenchymal; smooth muscle

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6
Q

cell of origin: rhabdomyo-

A

mesenchymal; skeletal muscle

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7
Q

cell of origin: osteo-

A

mesenchymal; bone

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8
Q

cell of origin: chondro-

A

mesenchymal; cartilage

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9
Q

cell of origin: angio-

A

mesenchymal; blood vessel

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10
Q

what are mixed tumors?

A

tumors with epithelial and mesenchymal compartments

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11
Q

what are teratomas?

A

tumors composed of tissue derived from multiple germ layers; predominantly benign

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12
Q

what are hamartomas?

A

mass of disorganized, mature tissue, not necessarily neoplastic conditions

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13
Q

what are choriostomas?

A

ectopic tissue in a foreign location, an anomaly of development (not tumor)

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14
Q

cell of origin: carcino-

A

epithelial

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15
Q

cell of origin: sarcoma

A

mesenchymal

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16
Q

define “well-differentiated”

A

resembles normal tissue

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17
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

malignant cells do not penetrate beyond basement membrane

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18
Q

define dysplasia

A

disordered growth of epithelium

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19
Q

characteristics of dysplasia (4)

A

loss of polarity, loss of maturation, loss of organization, abnormally located mitoses

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20
Q

malignant tumors that don’t metastasize (2)

A

basal cell carcinoma, gliomas (brain tumors)

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21
Q

most common pathway for sarcoma spread

A

hematogenous

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22
Q

most common pathway for carcinoma spread

A

lymphatics

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23
Q

seeding of peritoneal cavity is a frequent finding of what cancers?

A

ovarian and peripheral lung cancers

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24
Q

TNM staging system

A

T=tumor size; N=nodal involvement; M=metastasis

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25
histologic examination: process
portions of tissue are sectioned into cassettes, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin overnight, cut into thin sections and H&E stained the next day
26
indications for frozen tissues
surgical margin assessment and sentinel lymph node involvement
27
karyotype analysis: process
dependent on isolation of chromosomes in metaphase, following stimulation with a mitogen, chromosomes are stained and arranged in pairs
28
describe the exogenous pathway of tumor antigen processing
APCs capture tumor proteins from the microenvironment, process them, and present them on class II MHCs for CD4 T cells
29
describe the endogenous pathway of tumor antigen processing
tumor cells process cytoplasmic proteins into peptides and present them on MHC class I for CD8 T cells
30
tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs): mechanism
lymphocytes are cultured from tumors removed by surgery, expanded, then given back to patients
31
chimeric antigen receptors (CARs): what are they
fuse antibody/binding portion of BCRs to internal portion of TCR which contains T cell signaling motifs
32
chimeric antigen receptors (CARs): process
extract total white cells from patient, extract T cells, activate with cytokines, expand, transduce with CAR, return to patient
33
allogeneic T cells as cancer immunotherapy: mechanism
donor T cells become activated to host alloantigens, can eliminate residual host cancer cells that express the alloantigens
34
only one mutant allele required
oncogene (gain of function gene)
35
ERB B2 gene (Her-2-Neu): mechanism, what type of gene is this
ERB B2 gene (Her-2-Neu) is a growth factor receptor that is amplified in breast cancer; protooncogene
36
role of RAS in oncogenesis
Ras proteins are GTP-binding proteins and point mutations cause reduced GTPase activity --\> continuous ON signal
37
role of ABL in oncogenesis
ABL is normally a transient tyrosine kinase; t(9;22) Philadelphia Chromosome creates a BCR-ABL fusion product --\> constitutive activity --\> CML and ALL
38
role of MYC in oncogenesis
normally MYC expression is increased following signal to replicate; mutated form leads to overexpression or amplification
39
Burkitt lymphoma: mechanism
increased c-MYC expression via t(8;14), myc is placed under the control of Ig heavy chain locus --\> B cell cancer
40
n-MYC: clinical relevance
amplified in neuroblastoma; amplification is associated with poor prognosis; amplifies within chromosome or as little pieces of DNA
41
role of cyclin D1 in oncogenesis
mantle cell lymphoma: t(11;14), cyclin D1-IgH fusion leading to overexpression of cyclin D1 --\> CDK4 constitutively activated
42
mantle cell lymphoma: two genes responsible
cyclin D1 and IgH
43
increased c-MYC expression
Burkitt lymphoma
44
what is the model for the two-hit hypothesis?
retinoblastoma (familial and sporadic forms)
45
role of RB in oncogenesis
RB gene encodes for a tumor suppressor protein, mutations cause a failure of E2F regulation, allowing for uncontrolled E2F activation and unregulated cell growth --\> retinoblastoma
46
retinoblastoma: mechanism
mutations in RB cause a failure of E2F regulation allowing for uncontrolled E2F activation and unregulated cell growth
47
role of APC in oncogenesis
APC gene encodes for a tumor suppressor that downregulates beta-catenin; mutations in APC cause beta-catenin accumulation and beta-catenin can complex with a transcription factor that stimulates the transcription of other growth factors --\> hundreds of adenomas
48
familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP): mechanism
mutations in APC cause beta-catenin accumulation and beta-catenin can complex with a transcription factor that stimulates the transcription of other growth factors --\> hundreds of mucosal polyps carpet the colon of adolescents; need prophylactic colectomy
49
hundreds of mucosal polyps carpet the colon of adolescents: what disease, mechanism
familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP); mutations in APC cause beta-catenin accumulation and beta-catenin can complex with a transcription factor that stimulates the transcription of other growth factors
50
Li-Fraumeni syndrome: mechanism
inheritance of a mutated p53 allele, second mutation acquired later in life
51
role of BCL-2 in oncogenesis
BCL-2 is an antiapoptotic protein, overexpressed in many lymphomas; t(14;18) causes IgH-bcl-2 fusion --\> overexpression of BCL-2 --\> follicular lymphoma
52
follicular lymphoma: mechanism
t(14;18) causes IgH-bcl-2 fusion --\> overexpression of BCL-2 (antiapoptotic protein)
53
initiator and promoter chemical carcinogens
initiator: cause permanent DNA damage; promoter: enhances proliferation of mutated cells (Ex: hormones)
54
role of EBV in oncogenesis
infected B cells in lymphoid tissue of oropharynx --\> in immunocompromised patients, B cells are not checked by T cells so the infected B cells continue to grow and accumulate more mutations --\> Burkitt lymphoma
55
what kind of tumors are more likely to form in immunocompromised patients?
EBV-driven B cell tumors
56
role of Hepatitis viruses in oncogenesis
chronic liver injury leads to regeneration, which leads to increased potential for genetic abnormalities; HBx (a viral protein from Hepatitis B) activates growth genes and inhibits p53
57
role of Helicobacter pylori in oncogenesis
host inflammatory response leads to carcinogenesis; regeneration, metaplasia, dysplasia --\> adenocarcinoma; treatment with eradication of H. pylori
58
a constant dose of drug kills a constant ??? of tumor cells
fraction
59
tumor size predicts what component of therapy?
duration
60
to be a curative, a chemotherapy regimen must have a ??? efficiency and be repeated for ??? cycles
2-4 log-kill; 4-12 cycles
61
cell cycle-specific, phase nonspecific drugs (3)
cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, doxorubicin

Pathology Exam 1 (4 decks)

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