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Neuro Test 2 > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

The Nervous System

A

there are 100 billion neurons in the NS

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2
Q

CNS

A

the brain, spinal cord and all components housed within bone

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3
Q

PNS

A

12 cranial nerves, 31 spinal nerves and components housed outside of the bone

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4
Q

ANS (autonomic)

A

involuntary activities of the visceral muscles

sympathetic system and parasympathetic system

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5
Q

sympathetic system

A

subsystem that responds to stimulation through energy expenditure

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6
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

System that counters the responses of the sympathetic system

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7
Q

SNS (somatic)

A

Governs the aspects of bodily function that are under our conscious and voluntary control

pyramidal system and extrapyramidal system

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8
Q

pyramidal system

A

Largely responsible for initiation of voluntary motor acts

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9
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

responsible for background tone and movement, supporting the primary motor acts

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10
Q

Neurons

A

functional building blocks of the nervous system

Function is to transmit information and respond to stimulation

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11
Q

glial cells

A

critical players in the development of synapses

Provide structural support for neuron, and play an important role in storing information in a long-term memory

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12
Q

glial cell names

A

astrocytes, oliogodendroglia, microglia, schwann cells and satellite cells

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13
Q

Parts of the neuron

A

soma - cell body

Dendrite - transmits information towards the soma

Axon - transmits information away from the soma

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14
Q

Axon hillock

A

junction of axon with soma

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15
Q

Myelin sheath

A

White, fatty wrapping of axon; functions to speed up neural conduction

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16
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Areas between myelinated segments; also important in conduction

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17
Q

Telodendria

A

Long, thin projections at axon endpoint; have terminal buttons at the end

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18
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

Found within terminal buttons and contain neurotransmitters

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19
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Compounds responsible for activating next neuron in chain of neurons

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20
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Gap between two neurons, where neurotransmitter released

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21
Q

excitation

A

Stimulation that causes an increase of activity of the tissue stimulated

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22
Q

Inhibition

A

Stimulation to a neuron that reduces the neurons output

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23
Q

Afferent neurons

A

Sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain

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24
Q

Efferent neurons

A

Motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement

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25
Synapse
when neuron is stimulated, axon discharges neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft. adjacent neuron responds. Information enters a dendrite and exits at axon.
26
presynaptic
Those “upstream” from the synapse
27
postsynaptic
Stimulated by presynaptic neurons
28
Monopolar neuron
neurons with a single, bifurcating process arising from soma
29
Bipolar neurons
have two processes
30
multipolar neurons
More than two processes
31
Layers of cerebrum
Surface gray matter, white matter, deep gray matter, ventricles
32
Cerebral longitudinal fissure
Separates left and right cerebral hemispheres
33
gyrus
A ridge on the cerebral cortex
34
sulcus
infolding valleys that separate gyri
35
5 lobes of cerebrum
Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insular
36
lateral sulcus/sylvian fissure
Divides temporal from frontal and anterior parietal
37
Central sulcus/rolandic sulcus
Separates frontal and parietal entirely
38
Frontal lobe
largest reasoning, planning, motor movement key areas: Brocas and motor strip
39
Parietal lobe
Sensory perception and interpretation; integrates info from vision, auditory and somatic sense key areas: Postcentral gyrus, supramariginal gyri and angular guri
40
Occipital lobe
Vision posterior limit or brain
41
Temporal lobe
Memory, receptive language; auditory reception and language processing key areas: heschls gyrus and posterior wernickes area
42
Broca’s area
Speech motor planning in dominant hemisphere
43
Motor strip
Site of initiation of voluntary motor movement
44
Postcentral gyrus
Sensory counterpart to the motor strip, primary site of sensory output; received sensation from various parts of body
45
Supermarginal gyri
Involvement in motor planning for speech
46
angular gyri
Important in comprehension of written material
47
heschl’s gyrus
where all auditory information is projected
48
Wernicke’s area
Important in language decoding
49
corpus callosum
A band of fibrous that connects the right and left hemispheres together
50
gray matter
neuron bodies
51
white matter
myelinated axon fibers
52
projection fibers
connects cortex with distant locations
53
Association fibers
Provides communication between regions of the same hemisphere
54
comissural fibers
Runs from one location on a hemisphere to the corresponding location on the opposite hemisphere
55
Cerebral palsy
Nonprogressive brain disorder; occurs before, or right after birth
56
ventricles
Fluid filled spaces in the brain; each one has the choroid plexus, which produces cerebral spinal fluid Right lateral ventricle, left lateral ventricle, third ventricle, fourth ventricle
57
Cerebrospinal fluid
found in: ventricles, arachnoid space, brain, spinal cord Functions: protection, buoyancy, removes waste, transports nutrients and hormones
58
Hydrocephalus
“Water on the brain” Accumulation of CSF, which arises from an imbalance in the production and drainage of fluid Presents as large head
59
meninges
The inside of the skull can be very inhospitable for the delicate brain, three layers protect it
60
Dura mater
Tough bilayered lining; most superficial
61
Arachnoid Mater
Lacey, spiderlike structure where many blood vessels for the brain pass middle layer
62
Pia matter
thin, membranous covering that closely contours the brain; major arteries and veins, serving surface of brain course within this layer inner layer
63
Epidural space
between skull and Dura mater
64
Subdural space
between Dura mater and arachnoid mater
65
subarachnoid space
Between arachnoid mater and pia mater
66
Blood brain barrier
protects against foreign invaders; protects against hormones/neurotransmitters in rest of body; maintains constant environment for brain Violated by: HTN, radiation, trauma, infection
67
circle of Willis
The arrangement of the brains arteries to create redundancy to ensure a constant blood supply to the brain; if one part is blocked, another part can take over
68
Venous drainage and blockage
System of blood vessels called veins that provide the means of draining carbon dioxide-laden blood to the lungs for reoxygenation
69
Thrombus
A foreign body that obstructs a blood vessel
70
Embolism
When a thrombus breaks loose from its site of formation and flows through bloodstream, and causes occlusion
71
subcortex
lies directly below the cerebral cortex 3 divisions: limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon
72
diencephalon
directs sense impulses throughout the body parts: thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus
73
thalamus
large, dual-lobed mass of grey matter; connects areas of the cortex involved in perception and movement with related parts of the brain and spinal cord; relays sensory; perception of pain, temperature and touch
74
hypothalamus
control center for autonomic functions of PNS; maintenance of homeostasis; regulation; pituitary gland
75
cushing disease
tumor on pituitary gland; high levels of cortisol
76
hippocampus
memory forming, organizing, and storing; connects emotions and senses
77
reticular formation
function: arousal and attention location: nerve fibers inside the brainstem
78
epithalamus
secretion of melatonin (circadian rhythms) and regulating emotions connects limbic system to forebrain and other parts of brain parts: pineal gland (melatonin) and habenula
79
subthalamus
control of striated muscle; connects basal ganglia to motor cortex; damage can result in heminallismus
80
insula
“island of reil” location: deep to operculum role in language; lexical decision making; seen in global aphasia
81
limbic system
motivation and affect composed of: uncus, pareahippocampal gyrus, cingulate, olfactory bulb and tract, hippocampal formation
82
basal ganglia
control of movement; regulates voluntary motor activities made of: caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
83
cerebellum
coordinating motor commands with sensory inputs to control movement; role as memory for motor functions Motor: Planning, fine, motor activity, head and body positioning linguistic: perception of speech/language

Neuro Test 2 (7 decks)

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