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Biology HSC > Lectures 13&14 Intro To Blood & Blood Cells > Flashcards

Lectures 13&14 Intro To Blood & Blood Cells Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Is blood considered an organ or tissue?

A

Blood is a liquid tissue

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2
Q

What is hemophilia caused by?

A

Not enough clotting factors

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3
Q

How many liters of blood does an average human have?

A

5L

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4
Q

What is the PH and density of blood?

A

7.4 (+-.05) 1.057(+-.009)

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5
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

RBC’s

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6
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

WBC’s

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7
Q

What are Thrombocytes?

A

Platelets

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8
Q

What must be added before centrifuging blood?

A

Anticoagulants Cellular elements are separated from plasma

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9
Q

List the elements after centrifugation and their percentage composition

A

Plasma (55%) RBC’s 45% WBC’s and platelets <1%

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10
Q

What are the constituents of blood plasma and percentage composition?

A
  • Water (90-92%- Maintain blood volume. Transports molecules
    1. ) Plasma proteins (7-8%)- Maintain Osmotic pressure &PH

Albumin- Transports bilirubin

Globulins- Transports Cholesterol, fight infection

Fibrinogens- Blood clotting

  • Salts& ions <1%

Na+ &K+ &Cl- maintain membrane permeability

Mg2+ &Ca2+ - aid in metabolism
HCO3-

All salts- maintain osmotic pressure

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11
Q

List the constituents of plasma and the source in the body

A
  • Water (90-92%) Absorbed from Intestine
  • Plasma Proteins (7-8&) Liver
  • Salts, Ions Absorbed from intestine
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12
Q

Where is the source of Nitrogenous wastes, and where are they excreted?

A

Made in ​Liver, excreted by Kidneys

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13
Q

What is the function of Harmones and Vitamines?

A

Aid in ​Metabolism

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14
Q

What is the size, color, and shape of RBC’s?

A

7-8μm in diameter

Bright red to dark purple

Biconcave in shape

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15
Q

What is a unique feature of RBC’s?

A

Mature RBC’s lack nucleus

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16
Q

Why is haemoglobin an excellent transporter of O2 & CO2?

A

it contains harem, Fe2+

contains no nucleus ∴ more SA for O2

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17
Q

What is the conc of RBC’s in blood, and the number in our body?

A

25 trillion

4-6x10^6/mm3

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18
Q

What are the number of haemoglobin molecules in an RBC?

A

250 million- bright red protein

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19
Q

What is haemoglobin made out of?

A

4 Globin protein chains

2 alpha 2 beta

Iron for each Globin (2 O2 molecules each Globin)

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20
Q

How does haem transport CO2?

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A

O2 is released as blood passes through body tissues

empty​ haem molecules bond with tissues CO2

21
Q

Where do RBC’s come from?

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A

red bone marrow (skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones

22
Q

When do RBC’s loose their nucleus and synthesize their haem?

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A

Before they leave bone marrow

23
Q

What is the average life of RBC’s, and where are they destroyed?

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A

120 days

destroyed in live and spleen by phagocytes

24
Q

What is a person’s blood group?

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A

Presence or absence of specific glycoproteins on cell membrane of RBC’s

ABO

Rhesus factor

25
When is someone Blood group A or B/
A- A antigens B antibodies vice versa
26
When does someone have Blood group AB or O?
AB- A&B antigens, no antibodies in plasma opposite for O
27
What is another name for Rhesus factor?
Antigen D
28
What might happen if mother is RH - and baby +? what about opposite?
some fetal RBC (RH+) leaks to mother blood, making body produce **anti RH antibodies** these antibodies may ] **to the placenta** and **kill RBC'**s, resulting in **mental retardation**, **brain damage** and possibly **death** if opposite no problem because fetus is **not immunologically developed**
29
Where are leukocytes produced?
red bone marrow
30
Give examples of Granulocytes and agranulocytes
_Granulocytes_ * Neutrophils * Eosinophils * Basophils _Agranulocytes_ * Lymphocytes * Monocytes
31
What type of injection is given to protect the next baby the mother will give birth to from RH antibodies?
Passive immunity, she is given an injection of antibodies to immediately kill the excess fetal RBC's in mother's bloodstream after she has given birth to prevent memory cells forming and killing next baby
32
Describe Neutrophils and function?
* **10-14**μm * Function in **blood** * spherical with **multilobed** nucleus * pink small granules * **phagocytize** pathogens * (40-70%) of total WBC's
33
Describe Eosinophils and function
* **10-14**μm * Sherical with **bilobed** nuclei * **large red** granules in cytoplasm * **phagocytize antigen-antibody** complexes and **allergens** * (1-4%) of WBC's
34
Describe Basophils and their function
* **10-12**μm * Spherical cells with **lobed nuclei** * Function in **blood** (*Mast in tissue*) * **Large**, **irregularly shaped deep blue** granules in cytoplasm * Contains **heparin,** which is an **anticoagulant** * releases **histamine,** promotes **blood flow** to damaged tissues * (0-1%)
35
Describe lymphocytes and their function
* **5-17**μm * Spherical cells with **large** **round** nucleus * **​T** & **B** * Responsible for **specific immunity** * **(**20-45%)
36
Describe monocytes and their function
* **10-24**μm * spherical cells with **kidney-shaped**, **round**, or **lobed** nuclei * monocytes in **blood** * become Macrophages in **tissue**, that **phagocytize pathogens** and **cellular debris** *, they are **antigen presenting cells***
37
Describe thrombocytes and function
* **2-4μm** * **Disc shaped** cell fragments with **no** nucleus * have **purple** granules * imvolved in blood **clotting**
38
What is the conc of platelets in blood?
**1.5-3**\*10^5/m,3 blood
39
How are platelets formed and where are they destroyed?
* formed by **budding** of **megakaryocytes** * **Each** megakaryocyte **5000-10,000** platelets/ day * Total ​**200 Billion**/day * circulate for **1 week** * destroyed by **spleen** and **liver**
40
How many clotting factors are there in the blood?
At least **12** clotting factors.
41
Describe the blood clotting mechanism
* Blood vessel ruptured * platelets **congregate** and form a **plug** * **platelets** and **damaged tissue cells** release **prothrombin activator**- initiates a cascade of events activator (allows Ca2+To work ) **prothrombin**--Ca2+\> **Thrombin** (allows Ca2+ to work ) **Fibrinogen**--Ca2+\> **Fibrin** threads * **Fibrin threads form** and trap RBC's **​\*EDTA** binds Ca2+ and **inhibits** blood clotting
42
What are the formed elements?
things in blood **excluding** plasma
43
What is hematopoisis?
the process of manufacturing blood cells from stem cells (mainly in bone marrow)
44
Briefly describe the process of hematopoiesis
* **Pluripotent** Stem cells in bone marrow differentiate into either **lymphoid** or **myeloid** stem cells * lymphoid stem cells to B, T lymphocytes (mature in thymus) or **Natural killer cell** * myeloid stem cells either directly to other WBC's or RBC's OR megakaryocyte, budding off of it platelets
45
Which cells are **antigen presenting cells?**
monocytes, macrophagesand dendritic cells
46
Difference between mast cell and Basophiles?
mast cells function in **tissues** and basophils in **blood**
47
What is the risk of transfusing Blood to a person of wrong blood type?
* **Hemolytic anemia\** * **renal failure** * **shock** * **death**
48
In simple terms, how do you know if transfused blood is of correct type?
no **​agglutination** occurs

Biology HSC (31 decks)

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