Lectures Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is MS:
Inflammation in CNS causes:
1.Destruction of the mylien sheath
2. Axonal damage
3.reactive gliosis
Where does the inflammation happen in MS?
In the white and GREY matter
What is the characteristic of MS:
Lesions/ plaques in the white and grey matter
Where’s the MS plaques mostly seen?
In the spinal cord, optic nerve,brainstem/ cerebellum and periventricular white matter
Neuro degenerative aspects of the MS causes a lot of macroscopic findings, mention them:
- Spinal cord and brain appear smaller
- Atrophy in optic nerves, chiasm,pons, medulla and spinal cord.
- Corpus callosum thins and lateral ventricle dilate; due to loss of the brain tissue
What gene causes MS?
HLA-DRB1*1501
What are the said to be causes for MS?
- EBV
2.⬇️sun exposure - 🚬
- Western lifestyle
Symptoms of MS (relapse):
- Optic neuritis
- Diplopia/ internuclear ophthalmoplegia
- Lhermitte’s sign ( electric shock sensation when nech flexed)
- Brainstem syndrome
CSF Ffindings in MS:
Oligoclonal IgG bands
What is the Parkinson’s triad?
TRAP
1. Bradykinesia
2. Rigidity
3. Tremors
To diagnose we 2/3
When does Parkinson’s peak? At what age?
After the age of 60, it is uncommon under 50
What decreases risk for Parkin?
- Smoking
- Caffeine
What histological findings in PD?
Lewy bodies
Characteristics of the tremors:
Picture in notes
Is rigidity velocity dependent ???
No
What causes severe retro-orbital headache ?
(Ipsilateral to the lesion)
Carotid dissection
CSF findings in early Dementia
Tau protein and low -amyloid-beta 42
Hip adduction nerve
Obturator nerve
ICA occlusive disease
Amaurosis Fugax ( transient monocular visual loss)
Cerebral hemisphere lesion is mostly caused by:
Carotid artery occlusion
Percentage of GBS patients who need ventilatory support
25%
Thunderclap headache
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Which are more sensitive test for brainstem infarction?
HINTS more than MRI
Head Impulse test
Nystagmus
Test of Skew
There are bio markers for primary headache disorders
False
