Lectures :( Flashcards
(45 cards)
What is a lemma?
A base word and its inflections.
What is a lexeme (or lexical unit or lexical item)?
The items that function as a single meaning unit.
Why is vocabulary incremental?
Because words are not acquired instantaneously, but are gradually learned over a period of time.
Which are the types of word meaning?
Meaning, written and spoken form, grammatical behavior, collocations, register, associations, and frequency.
What are the vocabulary strategies?
Guessing from context, using word parts, mnemonic techniques, and using vocabulary cards.
What did Comenius (17th cen.) do?
Created a textbook with contextualised vocabulary, trying to a) raise status of vocabulary, b) avoid rote memorisation, c) avoid strong grammar focus, d) promote inductive teaching, e) promote notion of limited vocabulary.
What is Vocabulary Control Movement?
a) basic english: limiting vocabulary to the minimum necessary for clear statement of ideas (shifted from learning more words to learning more senses.)
b) use of systematic criteria to select most useful words: frequency, structural value, universality, subject range, definition words, word building capacity, and style.
What is the Dictionary Metaphor?
It is the notion that the mental lexicon works as a dictionary.
Why doesn’t the Dictionary Method work?
It is hard to find a word when things are organised in an alphabetical order. In dictionaries, some things are unnecessary, such as archaic entries. It would take a lot of time to find a word by searching it in an alphabetical order. We wouldn’t get the errors that are expected if words were organised in such a way.
What are the mistakes made when learning vocabulary?
) words that are similar in meaning.
b) superordinates- subordinates (crow-bird)
c) words connected in meaning, such as antonyms.
d) malapropisms (confusion of similar sounding words, e.g. allegory/alligator)
e) spoonerisms (translocation of initial word sounds in a sentence, e.g. ask/aks)
f) bathtub effect (remembering the beginnings or ends of words, e.g. anectode/antidote)
g) tip of the tongue (not recalling a word, but can describe it)
What is meaning?
Relations between the word and its referent. Usually arbitrary but there are exceptions (onomatopoeic words). But it has been rendered that meaning is actually the relation between the word and its concept, because the words are labels for concepts which include our limited personal experience of the actual word reality.
What is denotation and connotation?
Denotation is the most basic meaning element, the core fundamental meaning or prototypical meaning. It is the kind that dictionaries include.
Connotation is the personal, cultural background knowledge regarding the word. They are idiosyntratic to each individual person.
What is the Prototype Theory?
The mind uses the prototypical best example of the concept to compare potential members against it.
What are schemata?
It is previous knowledge and personal experiences extending core meaning of a word into figurative meaning.
What is register?
Stylistic variations that make each word more or less appropriate for certain language situations.
What the register types?
a) temporal (how old-fashinoned or contemporary words are)
b) geographical (dialects)
c) social (priviledged classes use different lexis)
d) social role (role of power)
e) field of discourse (many fields have a genre)
f) mode discourse (channel of communication, written or spoken)
What are Halliday’s components of register variation?
a) field (content and purpose)
b) tenor (interlocutors’ relationship)
c) mode (channel of communication)
What is the learners’ orthographic systems?
a) logographic (concepts)
b) syllabic (syllables)
c) alphabetic (phonemes)
What is orthographic depth?
The factor that affects reading in different languages; how closely the orthographic and phonological systems correspond with each language.
Language is shallow when there is a sclose sound-sympol relationship
Language is deep when there is weak correspondence.
What are the different processing strategies?
a) phonological approach (shallow orthography)
b) visual approach (appropriate in language such as Chinese)
c) dual-coding system (appropriate for English)
What visual information can be used during reading?
a) the general outline or shape of a word (supporting role)
b) the entire set of visual features of a word (supporting role)
c) the individual component letters (primary input)
d) the position of the letters (important; mainly the first letter)
What happens when we read?
How the eye moves and fixates determines what will be picked up during reading. The eye focuses on one point in the text (fixation) and then jumps to the next (saccade).
What are the models of reading?
Top-down models of reading: this way of reading suggested that we skip many words in a text. But eye-movement research has shown that most words are fixated upon reading.
What is sight vocabulary?
The ability to read/decode words quickly and accurately, allows us to build sight vocabulary. As L2 learners improve, their recognition time improves as well. Sight vocabulary is essential for fluency.
