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GI Midterm > Lectures 4 and 5- Organs of GI tract > Flashcards

Lectures 4 and 5- Organs of GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

The thoracic esophagus pierces the diaphragm at the level of what vertebra?

  • What is this called?
  • Where is it relative to midline?
A

T10

  • Called the esophageal hiatus
  • Slightly left of midline
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2
Q

After the esophageal hiatus, the esophagus turns sharply to the left to enter the stomach at the cardiac orifice
-At about the level of what vertebra?

A

T11

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3
Q

IVC pierces the diaphragm at the level of what vertebra?

A

T8

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4
Q

The aorta pierces the diaphragm at the level of what vertebra?
-pneumonic to remember these?

A

T12
-I ate 10 Eggs At Noon
ate = 8

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5
Q

“Sliding” hiatal hernia

A
  • Esophageal hiatus of diaphragm enlarges or weakens
  • Abdominal esophagus and parts of the stomach (cardia and sometimes fundus) herniate into the thorax
  • Regurgitation of gastric contents
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6
Q

Paraesophageal hiatal hernia

A
  • A defect in the diaphragm next to the esophageal hiatus
  • Permits fundus of stomach to herniate (not usually the esophagus)
  • No regurgitation of gastric contents
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7
Q

Stomach-located in what regions?

A
  • Left upper quadrant

- Hypochondriac and epigastric regions

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8
Q

Stomach

  • Left end is fixed at the level of what vertebra?
  • Right end is fixed at the level of what vertebra?
A
  • Left end (esophageal end) is fixed at T10-T11

- Right end (duodenal end) is fixed at L1-L2

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9
Q

Know the parts of the stomach

A

Slides 9 and 10

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10
Q

Pyloric orifice

A

Entrance to the duodenum

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11
Q

Surfaces of the stomach?

A

Slide 12

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12
Q

Things that are anterior to the stomach?

A
  • Anterior abdominal wall
  • Left costal margin
  • Left diaphragm
  • Left and quadrate lobes of liver
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13
Q

Small intestine-divided into 3 parts:

-Duodenum-general characteristics?

A
  • C-shaped

- 10 in long

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14
Q

Duodenum

-Located approximately at what vertebral bodies?

A

Located approximately at L1-L4 vertebral bodies

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15
Q

Duodenum

  • Where does it start?
  • Where does it end?
A

Starts at the pylorus of the stomach and ends at the duodenal-jejunal junction

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16
Q

Duodenum

-Subdivided into 4 parts?

A

Superior, descending, horizontal, ascending,

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17
Q

Duodenum

-Secondarily retroperitoneal except for?

A

Some of the 1st and 4th parts

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18
Q

Duodenum

  • Covered anteriorly by?
  • Except where?
A

Covered anteriorly by the peritoneum except where the mesocolon of the transverse colon crosses the second part

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19
Q

Duodenum

-The first part is surrounded by what ligament?

A

Hepatoduodenal ligament

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20
Q

Duodenum

-The root of the mesentery begins at the?

A

Duodeno-jejunal flexure

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21
Q

Duodenum

  • Features of the first part (superior)
    • where does it start?
A

Starts at the pyloric sphincter

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22
Q

Duodenum

-Superior part of the duodenum is held in place by?

A

the hepatoduodenal ligament

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23
Q

Duodenum

-Where are the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct located relative to the superior part of the duodenum?

A

the portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct are superior and posterior

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24
Q

Duodenal bulb

A

Widened area

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25
Duodenum | -where is the head of the pancreas relative to the first part of the duodenum?
The head of the pancreas is inferior to the first part of the duodenum -The head of the pancreas "sits inside the C" (the shape of the duodenum)
26
Which 2 parts of the duodenum are completely secondarily retroperitoneal?
The 2nd and 3rd (descending and horizontal)
27
Duodenum-Features of the 2nd part (descending) | -Anterior to the descending part?
the fundus of the gall bladder, right lobe of liver, transverse colon are all anterior to the descending duodenum
28
Duodenum | -Posterior to the descending part?
Right kidney and ureter
29
Where is the head of the pancreas relative to the 2nd part of the duodenum?
The head of the pancreas is medial to the descending duodenum
30
Descending part of the duodenum | -What enters into the major duodenal papilla?
The bile and pancreatic ducts
31
3rd part of the duodenum | -What 3 things cross the anterior surface?
- Superior mesenteric artery - Superior mesenteric vein - Root of the mesentery
32
Where is the head of the pancreas relative to the horizontal part of the duodenum?
The pancreas is superior to the horizontal part of the duodenum
33
Where is the jejunum relative to the horizontal part of the duodenum?
The jejunum is anterior and inferior to the horizontal part of the duodenum
34
4th part (ascending) of the duodenum - Intraperitoneal (not covered by parietal peritoneum) - Where are the root of the mesentery and jejunum relative to the ascending part of the duodenum?
the root of the mesentery and jejunum are anterior to the ascending part
35
Where are the left margin of the aorta and medial border of the psoas muscle relative to the ascending part of the duodenum?
The left margin of the aorta and the medial border of the psoas muscle are posterior to the ascending duodenum
36
The ascending duodenum is held in place by? | -What does it anchor the ascending duodenum to?
- The ascending duodenum is held in place by the suspensory ligament of the duodenum - It anchors the ascending part of the duodenum to the right crus of the diaphragm
37
Jejunum and ileum
- Occupy most of the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen and pelvis - Very mobile
38
Where does the jejunum begin? | Where does the ileum end?
- The jejunum begins at the duodenal-jejunal junction | - The ileum ends at the ileo-cecal valve
39
Jejunum and ileum | -Held to the posterior wall by?
THE mesentery
40
Which is longer-the jejunum or ileum?
Ileum
41
Jejunum-characteristics?
- Simple vascular arcades - Long vasa recta - More vascular - Greater diameter, thicker - More plicae circularis (folds)
42
Ileum-characteristics?
- Complex vascular arcades - Shorter vasa recta - Less vascular - Smaller diameter, thinner wall - Fewer plicae circularis
43
Ileum-Meckel's diverticulum-congenital anomaly | -Arises from?
Arises from the antimesenteric border of the ileum
44
Ileum-Meckel's diverticulum-congenital anomaly | -Remnant of?
The vitelline duct
45
Ileum-Meckel's diverticulum-congenital anomaly | -Clinically difficult to distinguish from?
Appendicitis
46
The mesentery crosses what structures?
- LV1-2 - 3rd part of duodenum - Aorta - IVC - Right ureter - Right gonadal vessels - Right psoas major
47
Where does the mesentery end?
Right S.I. joint
48
THE mesentery | -Made up of 2 layers of peritoneum-what runs between the layers?
Nerves, lymph nodes, vessels, fat, arteries, and veins
49
Large intestine | -Mobility?
Highly mobile
50
Large intestine-functions?
- Fecal formation, transport and evacuation - Water absorption - Mucus secretion
51
Taenia coli | -What are they?
3 bands of longitudinal muscle on the outside of the colon
52
Taenia coli | -Where do they converge?
Converge at the root of the appendix
53
Taenia coli | -Produce?
Haustrae (sacculations) that slow the movement of feces
54
Epiploic appendages
- Tags of fat | - Characteristic of the large intestine
55
Cecum | -Characteristics?
- NO EPIPLOIC APPENDAGES | - Blind 'pouch" inferior to iliocecal orifice
56
Cecum | -Iliocolic valve?
- 2 folds | - Not a true sphincter
57
Ileal papilla | -What is it?
Cone-like projection of the ileum into the cecum
58
Cecum | -Where is the opening for the appendix relative to the ileal papilla?
The opening for the apendix is inferior to the ileal papilla
59
Vermiform appendix | -What part of the cecum is it usually attached to?
Usually attached to the posteromedial part of the cecum
60
Vermiform appendix | -Supported by?
Supported by a mesoappendix (not a true mesentery)
61
Colon | -4 parts-Ascending colon-where does it end?
Right colic flexure
62
Transverse colon-Where does it end?
Left colic flexure
63
Rectum | -Located between?
Located between sigmoid colon and anal canal
64
Anorectal line
A line joining the tops of the anal columns
65
Transverse rectal folds
Superior, medial, and inferior
66
Rectal ampulla
- Dilated terminal part of rectum | - The rectum is superior to anorectal junction (line)
67
Puborectalis muscle | -Relaxation of this muscle allows for?
Defecation
68
Acronym used to remember the organs that are retroperitoneal?
SADPUCKER
69
Anal valves | -Where are they located?
Located at the base of the anal columns
70
Anal sinuses | -What are they?
Spaces between and at the inferior part of the anal columns
71
Pectinate line | -What is it?
A line joining the inferior ends of the anal valves | -Dentate line?
71
Accessory organs of the GI tract | -Spleen-Where is it located-regions?
- Left hypochondriac region - Parallels left ribs 9-11 - Midaxillary line, between stomach and diaphragm
72
Spleen-size?
About the size of a hand | Normally not palpable below costal margin
73
Spleen-peritoneal relationships? | -develops from?
- Covered by peritoneum | - Develops in the dorsal mesentery from mesoderm
74
Where is the diaphragm relative to the spleen?
The diaphragm is posterior to the spleen
75
Where are the stomach, left colic flexure and tail of the pancreas relative to the spleen?
The stomach, left colic flexure, and tail of the pancreas are anterior to the spleen
76
Where are the left kidney and phrenicocolic ligament relative to the spleen?
The left kidney and phrenicocolic ligament are inferior to the spleen
77
Spleen | -Diaphragmatic surface?
Against diaphragm | Smooth
78
Spleen | Visceral surface?
- Hilum with gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments | - There are colic, gastric, and renal impressions on the visceral surface of the spleen
79
Pancreas | -Located at the level of what vertebra?
L1-L2
80
Pancreas-head
Uncinate process | Located in duodenal curve
81
Pancreas-body
Triangular cross section
82
Pancreas-Neck?
Constricted part between head and body
83
Pancreas-tail?
Some of the tail is located in the splenorenal ligament | Anterior to the hilus of the spleen
84
Pancreas-relationships | -Where are the superior mesenteric artery and vein relative to the neck of the pancreas?
The superior mesenteric artery and vein are posterior to the neck of the pancreas
85
Where are the splenic vein and artery relative to the body of the pancreas?
The splenic vein and artery run horizontally superior to or posterior to the body of the pancreas
86
Where is the duodenum relative to the head of the pancreas?
The duodenum is superior, right, and inferior to the head of the pancreas (duodenum forms a C around the head of the pancreas)
87
Where is the transverse colon relative to the pancreas?
The transverse colon is anterior and inferior to the pancreas
88
Development of the pancreas and its duct system | The pancreas develops from a?
- The pancreas develops from a ventral bud in the ventral mesentery AND a larger dorsal bud in the dorsal mesentery - Rotation of the stomach and duodenum brings these buds together and the duct systems unite
89
Pancreatic duct system - The major pancreatic duct - Joins with the?
Bile duct
90
After the major pancreatic duct joins with the bile duct?
They enter the 2nd part of the duodenum through a common hepatopancreatic ampulla forming the major duodenal papilla
91
Where does the accessory pancreatic duct enter the duodenum?
At the more superior minor duodenal papilla
92
Falciform ligament
Double layer of peritoneum that connects liver to the anterior wall
93
Liver-surfaces | -Diaphragmatic surface
- Smooth, fits concavity of diaphragm - Peritoneum attaches the liver to the anterior body wall - The peritoneum splits to enclose the "bare area" of the liver
94
Liver | -The bare area is defined by?
- Anterior, posterior, left, and right coronary ligaments | - Includes the area where the IVC is posterior to the liver and the hepatic veins drain into it
95
The porta hepatis | -What is it?
-A transverse fissure between caudate and quadrate lobes that transmits the portal triad (proper hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct)
96
Liver | -Ligamentum venosum-what is it?
- Remnant of the ductus venosus | - Used to connect the umbilical vein with the IVC
97
Liver | -Anatomical lobes?
Left, right, caudate, quadrate
98
Liver-Functional lobes?
Left and right
99
Gall bladder and biliary tract | -Where is it located?
In the hepatic fossa (between right and quadrate lobes)
100
Gall bladder and biliary tract - Fundus - What part is it? - Where is it located?
- The lowest and widest part - Contacts anterior abdominal wall at the midclavicular line, 9th or 10th costal cartilage - Usually located on the transpyloric line
101
Extrahepatic bile passages?
Right and left hepatic duct
102
When the right and left hepatic duct combine they form the?
Common hepatic duct
103
When the common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct they form the?
Common bile duct
104
Common bile duct | -Where is it located?
- Runs in the edge of the lesser omentum (hepatoduodenal ligament) - Goes posterior and inferior to the 1st part of the duodenum, posterior to the head of the pancreas, enters the 2nd part of the duodenum with pancreatic duct

GI Midterm (11 decks)

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