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Y2 T1 Geography 240 > Lectures > Flashcards

Lectures Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

How can citizens affect change?

A

Urban planning, urban design, public engagement, civic pride.

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2
Q

5 Epochs of growth?

A 
Mercantile era pre-1800
Agricultural settlement 1800-1850
Great Transition 1850-1945
Post WW II Boom 1945-1975
De-industrialization 1975-today
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3
Q

Mercantile era pre-1600

A 
1. Colonial expansion
Staples export 
Indigenous population decimated
Cities small population; Montreal 6,000 (1800)
Grid road patterns dominate layout
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4
Q

Agricultural settlement 1800-1850

A 
2. Settler population expansion
High immigration from Europe
Land clearing, open access agriculture
Agricultural, rural economy serviced by city
Overcrowding, disease, fire
Railroads promote city expansion
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5
Q

Great Transition 1850-1945

A 
. Railroad network
Expansion staples economy
Settlement of prairie
Industrial heartland formed
Inner city formed
CBD
Transition (mixed use activities)
Factory belt (harbour or rail yards)
Residential (segregated, income, ethnicity)
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6
Q

Fordist Economic Boom1945-75

A 
4. Post World War. Regime of accumulation
Post WWII consumer
Henry Ford; assembly line, working class
Car ownership, flight to suburbs
Government builds roads, highways
Land use separation, CBD decline
Urban renewal; gentrification
Late 1960s:Office towers, retail revival
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7
Q

Pre/post-WW II

A 
4. Pre  and post WWII: inner city suburbs (older neighbourhoods)
Grid street plan
Housing shortage post WWII
Post 1950s: grid street compromised
Introduction of curvilinear street plans
Cul-de-sac designs
Suburban expansion, freeway expansion
From public to private space
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8
Q

Deindustrialization 1975-today

A 
5. 1975 economic decline
Less government stimulation ($)
Privatization of services, programs
Reduced social programs
Rise of service sector, drop in industry
Edge cities (suburban downtowns)
De-regulation
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9
Q

garden city?Ebenezer Howard (1910s)

A

circular design that separates everything out into different rings with a few main roads in and out.

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10
Q

Over __% of world population live in cities (2007)

__% of Canadians live in cities

A

50, 80

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11
Q

What can we do to affect change?4

A
  • Urban planning
  • Urban design
  • Public engagement
  • Civic pride
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12
Q

how many cars in USA in 1894,1896,1890,1920?`

A

4,16,8000, 27 Million

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13
Q

Jane Jacobs

A

critic of CBD abandonment, 1950-1970’s

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14
Q

Vertical City Movement =Le Corbusier (1930s)

A

Vertical dwellings

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15
Q

Urban Transitions(4)

A
  1. Street car suburbs (1940s) inner city suburbs
  2. Auto-oriented development (1950s) Freeway era
  3. Transit investments (1970s) Bus, Light rail
  4. The New Urbanism (2000s) People Focuses
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16
Q

Urban Living 1850-1920

A

Industrialization
Congested habitation
Lack of building codes, health inspections
Lack of sewage and running water (1910 Winnipeg, half of city no running water)
Lack of fire codes, no fire departments
Disease, filth; urban living not tolerable for the masses

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17
Q

World’s Columbian Exposition1893

A

Chicago’s world fair, known for being huge game changer in architecture

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18
Q

French neo-classical design

Beaux Arts style

A

Symmetry, balance, and splendor
EX: Pont Alexandre III
Paris, FR 1896-1900
EX: Singer Building, NY

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19
Q

City Beautiful Movement

A

Late 1800s, early 1900s in North America
Urban beautification
City monuments, monumentalism
Grand architecture
To promote harmony, social order
World’s Columbian Expedition 1893, Chicago.
Jane Jacobs, what might she think of this movement?

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20
Q

What did Jane Jacobs say about City Beautiful Movement?

A

“Architectural design cult”

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21
Q

Greenfield development ex

A

East Sector Study Area – Saskatoon 2011

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22
Q

Brownfield Ex’s

A

(reclamation, redevelopment) ~ River Landing, Saskatoon

Vancouver Bc= Olympic Village

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23
Q

Foodbank Canada=
_____ people relied on food handouts
Nearly ___ were children

___per cent of population living below low-income cutoff in 2011
Food bank users over ___% families with children
__% of food bank users currently employed additional __% recently employed

__% food bank users self identify as First Nations, Metis or Inuit

__% food bank users are new immigrants
Solutions

____ children in Canada are going hungry

Solutions?

A

833,000 people relied on food handouts (2013)
Nearly 1/3 were children
Foodbank usage now higher than before recession
Causes: low income jobs; loss of manufacturing jobs; barriers to EI and social assistance programs

8.8 per cent of population living below low-income cutoff in 2011
Food bank users over 50% families with children
12% of food bank users currently employed additional 5% recently employed

11% food bank users self identify as First Nations, Metis or Inuit
11% food bank users are new immigrants
Solutions? Food Bank Canada calls on Gov’t for affordable housing; better income supports; social investment in Northern Canada to solve food insecurity in the North
300,000 children in Canada are going hungry

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24
Q

Food Production in History(4)

A

Rural activity, farm production outside but in proximity to settlement
Urban industrialization, land values increase, spread of settlement
Agriculture pushed away from cities
Transportation industry develops
“4000 mile Caesar Salad”

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25
Green Rev
Post WWII Industrial chemicals, wartime technology Food production accelerated
26
Urban Food Security: Canada
``` Roof top gardens, greenhouses, composting, backyards, frontyards, Permaculture Alternative food distribution, foodshare Farmers markets, social capital Community kitchens, food co-op Organic produce delivery ```
27
Organic Food
Proximity (reality is 2,400 km ‘field to fork’) Social capital (community gardens, Victory gardens) Lower chemical inputs Fair labour standards Food awareness Quality of product
28
Food Desert and Ex:
Riversdale(desert) vs Briarwood Relative exclusion from food access Economic, physical barriers Mobility barriers Type of food options an urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good-quality fresh food.
29
The Three S' in food
Security: Availability of food to all people Self Sufficiency: Local resources Sovereignty: How food is produced, control of food system, agro-ecological production practices
30
Greening the urban Environment(9 benefits)
``` Save money Regulate temperature Conserve Water Social interaction Diversity wildlife/plants Produce food Reduce carbon footprint Urban connection with nature Enhance recreation, human health ```
31
How is stormwater important?
``` Urban, suburban and rural agricultural land use practices generate substantial surface run-off Increased soil erosion Sedimentation Flooding Water quality degradation Loss of biodiversity Aquifer depletion Climate change (local/regional heat islands) ```
32
Runoff Rate= Infiltration Rate=
function of (precipitation rate and infiltration rate) function of (soil texture, soil moisture, vegetation cover If rainfall=infiltration rate then no runoff If rainfall>infiltration rate then runoff occurs
33
Urbanization brings _____ surface flow, ____ interflow/baseflow, less interception, less transpiration
increased,less
34
Storm Water systems before 1990's
Objective: to provide drainage away from development; to control flood flows Means: Structural methods, pipes, culverts, armour natural channels Design Method: Size capacity based on 100 year return event Financing/implementation: Public works funded by tax dollars
35
Modern Storm Water Systems
Objective: on-site mitigation of storm flows; enhanced infiltration; support base and low flows of streams; protect/restore natural drainage channels Means: Decentralized runoff control, bioengineering; swales; bioengineering; on-site retention of storm water Design Method: Computer models; multi-function land uses; appropriate on-site measures
36
Hastings Park Vancouver,BC
Good example of the progression of drainage systems and land recovery.
37
Urban Form in the suburbs (post 1950)
Horizontal expanse of city population Low density One and two family dwellings, low rise apartments Insulated neighbourhoods, small green spaces Gridiron replaced with superblock Loop streets, cul-de-sac Don Mills, ON; Sherwood Park, AB (new towns)
38
Gentrification
``` From gentry (old English - high social class) Return to urban core (1990s –today) Cultural amenities Older homes, character neighbourhoods Renovations, restoration, heritage homes Land values increase, rents increase Long time residents may be displaced Neighbourhood transitioning (Nutana, Broadway?) ```
39
Mobility VS. Accessibility
Movement, distance between, private realm, social exclusion, ‘auto-mobility’ .ability to move between locations Technology has reduced distance friction Mobility is a function of (age, income, able body) Traditional land use planning model has emphasized mobility, automobile mobility Mobility deprivation (youth, elderly, under-employed, disabled) ``` Proximity, connectivity, public realm, social inclusion, transit .Store front transit access Bike lane access Rear parking lots Walk-in shops ```
40
Mobility
Movement, distance between, private realm, social exclusion, ‘auto-mobility’ ability to move between locations Technology has reduced distance friction Mobility is a function of (age, income, able body) Traditional land use planning model has emphasized mobility, automobile mobility Mobility deprivation (youth, elderly, under-employed, disabled)
41
Accessibility
Proximity, connectivity, public realm, social inclusion, transit Store front transit access Bike lane access Rear parking lots Walk-in shops
42
Mobility Approach
``` Land use separation Roadway development Private automobile Flexibility High mobility rates Relative low cost (excluding externalities) ```
43
Post-1940 Mobility Approach(Auto mobility)
Automobile dependency (Newman and Kenworthy 1989) Partly caused by poor land use planning Partly by mobility-centric transportation planning (Freeway era) Noise, water, air pollution, road rage Accidents, injury, death Pedestrian unfriendly landscapes Mitigation: Traffic calming, mixed modes, mixed land uses (non-Euclidian zoning)
44
TOD Ex
Transit Oriented Development= Portland Oregon Metro Peter Calthorpe= Diversity: ethnicity, age, gender, housing, land use …. Human scale, walkability, pedestrian friendly Density: population/km2; Intensity (human interaction) Complete neighbourhoods Local destinations Walk-ability Human scale, pedestrian, bike, auto friendly (“Main Street”)
45
Peter Calthorpe Ideas
Diversity: ethnicity, age, gender, housing, land use …. Human scale, walkability, pedestrian friendly Density: population/km2; Intensity (human interaction) Complete neighbourhoods Local destinations Walk-ability Human scale, pedestrian, bike, auto friendly (“Main Street”)
46
World View Paradims(5)
1. Frontier Economics=Pre 1960's .Resource extraction, economy only, traditional academic subjects , silo effect 2. Resource Managament=1970's .Environmental protection as add-on, humans over environment, 3. Sustatinable Development=1980's-Now 2. Selective Environmentalism=1970's .Environmental protection when convenient, political priorities 1. Deep Ecology=1960's . Ecology only, economics irrelevant, traditional academic subjects, silo effect
47
Critique of SD
In the definition: ‘needs’ versus ‘wants’ Hold back less developed world? Different interpretations, eg. ‘Strong’ versus ‘weak’ sustainability Vagueness of term, overuse? Ignores politics of the environment How to measure, quantify?
48
Strong SD
must retain same natural capital inventory for next generation
49
Weak SD
replacements, new technology, pricing to overcome depletion
50
Problems with Weak SD
``` Nuclear (carbon emissions free, BUT .. expensive, waste storage problems, safety) Hybrid vehicles (reduced fossil fuel, but …) ```
51
Jevons Principle
1865 Coal Burning Assessment in the UK Depletion of UK coal reserves; also coal smog/fog/human health conditions “improved coal burning technology would raise efficiency, save coal resources” Jevons predicted that increased efficiency would lead to more users, increased coal consumption … he was right! EX: Los Angeles Smog=30 years
52
Jevons Principle EX
EX: Los Angeles Smog=30 years
53
Renewable Resource
(a resource forming continually within a human lifetime)
54
non-renewable resource
(a resource unlikely to replenish in n a human lifetime)
55
Anthropocentric View
defines a “resource” as useful to people (trees, fish, minerals)
56
Ecology and 3 Parts
3 basic parts: atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere (air, water, land) Systems approach, holistic, integrated, adaptable, flexible
57
Traditional Resource Management(Non-ecosystem approach)
``` People and actions separate from nature Fragmentation of science Emphasis on single resource use No consideration of cumulative impacts Human capacity to manage over nature Reacting to problems, not anticipating ```
58
Ecosystem Approach
``` Holistic, interactions Humans as part of nature (not over) Diversity, resilience Global water cycle includes human use Cultural component considered Importance of actors, stakeholders ```
59
Urban impacts and ecosystem approach
Re)imagining ‘nature’ Citizen engagement Awareness of economy, ecology, social linkages Cultural amenities Built environment, civic pride, architecture Cities as an urban ecosystem
60
Greyfield Opportunities and Challenges
Transit essential to support retrofits 300 metre buffers on watercourses Daylight streams, introduce permeable surfaces Re-greening, vegetation and food production Improved architecture in retrofits Public support for more retrofits Transfer development rights to transit corridors
61
Reburbia
Redesigning/Retrofitting | suburbia
62
Hastings park, Vancouver Date
1960s-1990s | Greyfield restoration
63
Ellen Dunham-Jones | Retrofitting Suburbia
``` Key consequences of suburbia= . Health . Affordability . Climate Change . demographic shift . underperforming asphalt ``` .Transit is a key contributor to retrofitting .Pockets of walkability provide huge help to underperforming areas
64
Reinhabitation
Using a formerly closed building(ex: mall) for other uses such as libraries, schools, art galleries.
65
Pre-Conditions for sprawl
- Car Availability - Home Ownership - Post-WW2 demand for housing - Mass building of roads
66
The Planning and Development Act: Saskatchewan
The purposes of this Act are the following: (a) to establish the planning and development system in the province; (b) to identify provincial interests that guide provincial and municipal planning decisions in the development of communities; (c) to support the development of environmentally, economically, socially and culturally sustainable communities; (d) to enable co-operation between municipalities, planning districts and other jurisdictions and agencies in the delivery of planning services and infrastructure development with communities; (e) to provide for public participation in the planning process; (f) to provide equitable dispute resolution and appeal processes.
67
Legislative vs. Judicial
Legislative is city council judicial is judges

Y2 T1 Geography 240 (4 decks)

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